terminologija.1ilja,
U ovom Zagreb BBS biltenu video sam izraze :-), :-( i tako to ali
sta je 8:) ??
Osmeh u naocarima!
terminologija.2dejanr,
From: BORIS JANKOVIC Sent: 11-24-89 23:51
To: ALL Rcvd: -NO-
Re: BIXIES
~
Evo poruke Borisa Jankovića sa MIPS BBS-a - još malo hakerskih
simbola...
Neke od ovih grafickih simbola smo vec videli ovde na MBOX-
u. Na BIX-u ih zovu BIXies:
<`_'> - Angry
<@_@> - Blood shot
<~_~> - Contented
<-_-> - Contented
[\./] - Core melt down
{'.`} - Cry
(o.o) - Innocent
<^_^> - Smile
<O_O> - Surprised
(*,*) - Tongue stuck out
(^.o) - Wink
Polozene face (nosevi opcionalni):
:-) - Smiling face
:-( - Sad face
8-0 - Astonished face
;-) - Sly grin or wink
;-> - Slier grin; devilish grin
:-0 - Oh dear; oh my; whoe is me
B-) - Smiling face with glases
:^) - Tongue in cheek
terminologija.3dejanr,
Mislio sam da bi ovi hakerski simboli bili zgodni za osveženje
Bajtove lične prirode u sledećim "Računarima" pa sam probao da ih
prevedem. Sa nekim simbolima, međutim, imam problema pa bih voleo da
mi neko sa SEZAM-a pomogne. Dakle, evo mog prevoda pa vi kažite šta
bi trebalo da se menja a šta da se doda. Ne zaboravite da to kažete
HITNO, tekst treba da ide u Redakciju...
<`_'> - Bes (Angry)
<@_@> - ?? (Blood shot)
<~_~> - ?? (Contented)
<-_-> - ?? (Contented)
[\./] - ?? (Core melt down)
{'.`} - Plač (Cry)
(o.o) - Nedužan (Innocent)
<^_^> - Osmeh (Smile)
<O_O> - Začuđen (Surprised)
(*,*) - ?? (Tongue stuck out)
(^.o) - Namiguje (Wink)
:-) - Srećno lice (Smiling face)
:-( - Tužno lice (Sad face)
8-0 - Začuđeno lice ?? (Astonished face)
;-) - ?? (Sly grin or wink)
;-> - ?? (Slier grin; devilish grin)
:-0 - O, Bože ?? (Oh dear; oh my; whoe is me)
B-) - Nasmejano lice u naočarima (Smiling face with glases)
:^) - Obraz ispupčen jezikom ?? (Tongue in cheek)
Unapred hvala.
Dejan
terminologija.4bjankovic,
Dopune su u //.
<ž_'> - Bes (Angry)
<č_č> - ?? (Blood shot) /Smrtonosni hitac/
<č_č> - ?? (Contented) /Zadovoljno/
<-_-> - ?? (Contented)
ŠĐ./Ć - ?? (Core melt down) /Namrgođeno/
š'.žć - Plač (Cry)
(o.o) - Nedužan (Innocent)
<ž_ž> - Osmeh (Smile)
<O_O> - Začuđen (Surprised)
(*,*) - ?? (Tongue stuck out) /Isplažen jezik/
(ž.o) - Namiguje (Wink)
:-) - Srećno lice (Smiling face)
:-( - Tužno lice (Sad face)
8-0 - Začuđeno /zapanjeno/ lice ?? (Astonished face)
;-) - ?? (Sly grin or wink) /blago zlobno?/
;-> - ?? (Slier grin; devilish grin) /đavolski zlobno?/
:-0 - O, Bože ?? (Oh dear; oh my; whoe is me)
B-) - Nasmejano lice u naočarima (Smiling face with glases)
:ž) - Obraz ispupčen jezikom ?? (Tongue in cheek)
terminologija.5dejanr,
Evo još "termina" - poruka je sa MIPS-a od čarka Supičića:
:-) Smiling, happy face; don't take me too seriously
B-) Above, but poster wears glasses or sunglasses
8-) Same as previous; also used to denote wide-eyed look
#:-) :-) done by someone with sort of matted hair
:-( Sad or angry face
@= Flame about nuclear war, power or weapons follows
(mushroom cloud)
;-) Winking happy face (something said tongue-in-cheek)
:-P Tongue stuck out
:-b Same as previous
:-D Wider happy face (or mouth open too much)
:-o "Oh, nooooooo!" (a la Mr. Bill)
#:-o Same as previous
(:-) Messages dealing with bicycle helmets
<:-) Dumb questions
oo "Somebody's head-lights are on" messages
O>-<|= Messages of interest to women
;-) Wink ( take this message with a grain of salt)
|-( Late night messages
:^) Messages teasing people about their noses
:-{#} Messages teasing people about their braces
(:-# Message concerning something that shouldn't have been said...
(:-$ Message indicating person is ill...
(:-& Message indicating person is angry...
(:-* Kiss...
(:-( Message indicating person is VERY sad...
(:^( Message concerning people with broken noses
(:<) Message concerning blabber mouths
:-(=) Message about people with big teeth.
&:-) Message from a person with curly hair
@:-) Message from a person with wavy hair
?-( Message about people with a black eye.
*:* Message about fuzzy things
*:** Message about fuzzy people with a fuzzy mustache
%-) Message about people with broken glasses
+<:-| Message from a monk/nun...
{0-) Message from cyclops...
(:-D Message concerning another blabber mouth...
(:-|K- Formal message.
B-) Message from Batman !!!
...---... S.O.S.
@%&$%& You know what that means...
||*( Handshake offered
||*) Handshake accepted
<&&> Message concerning rubber chickens
>< >< Message about/to someone wearing argyle socks
2B|^2B Message about Shakespeare
(-_-) Secret smile
<{:-)} Message in a bottle...
<:-)<<| Message from a space rocket...
(:-... Heart-breaking message...
<<<<(:-) Message from a hat sales-man...
(O--< A fishy message...
(8-) Message from a four-eye...
(:>-< Message from a thief: hands up! [ Happy BBS-ing ]
<I==I) A message on four wheels (on MIPS, naturally)
:^{ User wears a mustache.
{ User is Alfred Hitchcock. Zarko
@>--->---- A rose.
terminologija.6dejanr,
Ne znam kako ostali, ali ja uvek volim da naučim neku novu
englesku reč ili "logiku" koje nema u rečniku. Evo jedne
male diskusije sa BIX-a, zašto se fajlovi za koje nemate
drugo ime zova FOO a ne PERA kao kod nas :-)
==========================
ibm.at/software #1911, from crint, 609 chars,
Tue May 22 20:43:13 1990
There is/are comment(s) on this message.
--------------------------
TITLE: filename foo
This may seem an odd question to most of you. My ignorance may
well be rooted in cultural differences between the US and
New Zealand (where I live).
My question is simply this: why is the filename FOO often used
as a "random example" filename? None of my friends or collegues
here can enlighten me. In New Zealand the filename FRED is
almost universally used as a throwaway or temporary file. Is
FOO the US equivalent? Or is there something subtle that
one learns in one's childhood in the US that is being denied
us here at the end of the earth?
Hoping for enlightenment,
Steve Krenek.
==========================
ibm.at/software #1912, from gchicares, 325 chars,
Tue May 22 20:54:31 1990
This is a comment to message 1911.
There is/are comment(s) on this message.
There are additional comments to message 1911.
--------------------------
FOO and BAR are often used as arbitrary names for pairs of
things like functions. I always thought they were derived
from "fubar," which means something like Fouled Up Beyond
All Recognition.
FOO and GOO seem popular with some APL programmers I know.
One is probably not entitled to conclude that they eat
poisonous fish.
==========================
ibm.at/software #1913, from jndunlap, 417 chars,
Tue May 22 20:55:07 1990
This is a comment to message 1911.
--------------------------
For some, at least, the "FOO" derives from "FOOBAR" which
derives, in its turn, from an old military acronymic, "FUBAR" -
"[fouled] up beyond all recognition" (you must supply an
appropriate for the editorially substituted word. This is
syntactically related to another old military acronymic,
"SNAFU" - "situation normal, all [fouled] up". I first saw
the word "foo" in the old Smoky Stover comic strip. - arky
==========================
ibm.at/software #1914, from roedy, 520 chars,
Tue May 22 22:28:00 1990
This is a comment to message 1912.
There is/are comment(s) on this message.
--------------------------
Able Baker Charlie are also popular as arbitrary filenames.
Documenters who chose names like "File" for filename generate
confusion because most people would leap to the conclusion that
"File" is some sort of keyword. I sometimes use names like
MyFile.Txt for arbitrary names. In Britain, names like Jim Shiela,
Bob etc are popular. One memorable DEC manual chose character
names from Lord of The Rings. To those who have not read the
books, some of the names might look like keywords -- FRODO
BILBO etc.
Love Roedy
==========================
ibm.at/software #1915, from dhaynes, 409 chars,
Wed May 23 17:43:36 1990
This is a comment to message 1914.
--------------------------
Of course if you use unix or the mks toolkit under dos, names
like 'GOO' are preferred so that when you type out a file you
can say 'cat goo'. goo is also a good temporary array name
particularly when you use an array element to index into an
array, such as goo[ goo [ 0 ]]. (Kinda like the years I spent
rearranging 6809 code so I could use the 'SEX' instruction
every once in a while!!!
Dan
terminologija.7dejanr,
NOS JE DEMODE
Znate one izraze :-) :-( ;-) i tako te? E, kolko vidim po
BIX-u i stranim BBS-ovima, nos je postao demode stvar tako
da se piše :) :( ;) ;> itd. Dakle, ako nećemo da budemo
provincijalci...
terminologija.8dejanr,
Danas sam čuo dobre izraze (ne znam ko ih je smislio):
XTeisti i (pazite sad) ATeisti. Da dodamo i SeXiste?
terminologija.9dejanr,
Pogledajte ovo:
Date: Sun, 22 Apr 90 15:36:00 PST
From: Joe Meadows <JOE%FHCRCVAX.BITNET@CORNELLC.CIT.
CORNELL.EDU>
Subject: SET PASSWORD/GENERATE - Bad word list (skip if
easily offended)
I figured since I was looking through the fiche near the section
dealing with Set Password, that I may as well break up the
word list correctly for anyone who needs to know (for whatever
bizarre reason).
If you're easily offended, than don't read this. As to why DEC
bothers to encrypt it? Darned if I know, it's only going to show
up on the microfiche and when doing a dump of the executable.
It hardly seems worth it. Maybe there's a few too many
pristene eyes within DEC? Anyway, here's the list.
aars, assh, balle, bil, bitch, boobs, bordel, brueste, bryster,
cabron, caca, cagar, capullo, capullos, cipote, cojones, con,
cono, coon, copon, crap, crnja, culo, cunt, cycek, del,
diavolo, djevel, drite, dritt, faen, fan, fanden, fica, fick,
fitta, fitte, flikker, follar, forpult, foutre, fuck, fuk,
fuq, futz, gat, geil, gilipollas, gilipoyas, godverdomme,
govno, helevede, hell, helvete, hoer, homo, hora, hostia,
hostias, hundin, infierno, jebati, joder, jukke, kever,
kezen, kloot, knalde, knull, kont, kucka, kuk, kurva, kut,
lul, mamon, marica, maricon, mear, merde, mierda, miet,
mignota, naai, neger, negre, negro, neuk, nichons, nigger,
pakao, pedo, picha, picka, pieklo, pierdolic, pik, pikk,
pis, pizda, poep, polla, pollas, poot, pot, poya, poyas,
promp, pul, pult, puta, putas, pute, rass, reet, ronk,
runk, scifoso, scopare, sheisse, shit, sise, skede, skid,
skiderrik, skit, slet, snikkel, stront, stronzo, svin, teef,
teta, tetas, teufel, tiet, tispe, tiss, tits, trut, tut,
verdomme, zak, zydek
Some of the words kind of surprise me. Negro is a dirty word?
I don't see Asian or Caucasian in the list. Oh well, today
we'll save the world (oops, I mean Earth) maybe tomorrow
we'll get around to race relations..
Cheers,
Joe Meadows joe@fhcrcvax.bitnet
Ukratko rečeno, VAX može sam da vam generiše password pomoću
random principa ali se u tom slučaju NEĆE pojaviti ni jedna
od gornjih reči.
Ono što je čudno to je što u DEC-u očito ima neki Jugosloven!
Pozdrav,
Dejan
terminologija.10kale,
>> ..., kont, kucka, kuk, kurva, kut, lul, ...
>> Ono što je čudno to je što u DEC-u očito ima neki Jugosloven!
I nije naročito sistematičan! ;)
terminologija.11dejanr,
Ko voli, evo PUNO slika crtanih od ASCII karaktera 32-127. Ima
svega i svačega, raznih formata, likova iz stripova, novogodišnjih
čestitki, karikatura, šala itd.
Da, nađe se i nešto slabo obučenih ženskih.
slike.zipterminologija.12dejanr,
==========================
ibm.dos/secrets.3 #660, from bstrauss, 574 chars, Sun Oct 7 12:24:56 1990
This is a comment to message 652.
There is/are comment(s) on this message.
--------------------------
TINAR - This Is Not A Review. It's a bix joke. The BIX agreement
prohibits you from publishing a "review" that's Byte's term for
a real, formal, review. So, as a combination joke/dig at some
long ago disagreements (before I joined BIX), many people tag
opinions with TINAR.
YMMV - Your Milage May Vary.
Others:
IMHO - In My Humble Opinion (usually used from a soap box)
OTHO - On The Other Hand
:-), :), etc are grins
;-) and the like are winks
FWIW - For What Its Worth
and my new favorite, BWAKIML (Bixing With A Kitten In My Lap).
terminologija.13djovicevic,
Evo saljem fajl sa leksikonom cestih izraza vezanih za
modemske komunikacije.
Dragan
modemlex.zipterminologija.14djovicevic,
Date: 29 Jan 91 02:28:35 GMT
From: van-bc!rsoft!mindlink!a780@ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU (Mike Benna)
Subject: Modem info for PC users (long)
Message-ID: <4616@mindlink.UUCP>
High Speed Modem Info for PC users
Written by Mike Benna, January 1991.
Because of the confusion people seem to have related to all the new
advances in modem technology I thought it was about time that somebody
compiled the relevant information into a single document. I have now
done so with this article in the hopes of clearing up many of the
mysteries and misconceptions about modems which operate using MNP and
V.42 style protocols.
Within this article, please note that some of the table values have been
derived from actual testing whereas others have been calculated based on
the theory behind the operation of all the protocols involved. All
table values assume clean (i.e. noise free) telephone connections and a
computer which is fast enough to feed the modem all the data it wants
and can accept all the data the modem gives to it.
First of all, a short glossary might be in order to clear up the most
common terms:
cps : Characters per second (usually used to measure the effective
throughput from the source computer, through the modems, and
into the receiving computer). In the end, this is the only
number which you should really care about.
bps : Bits per second (usually used to describe the raw data link
between two modems or between the modem and the computer). Note
that this is _not_ the baud rate.
baud : The single most often misused word in telecommunications. Most
people really mean "bits per second" when they use this term.
For example 2400bps modems only run at 600 baud and 9600bps V.32
modems only run at 2400 baud. If you don't know what a baud is
then you should probably be using 'bits per second' instead.
Next, you can probably forget most of what any salesman has told you;
most PC salesmen do not fully understand this stuff either. Don't blame
them however, they usually have the disadvantage of having read sales
literature from the manufacturers which was designed to be misleading in
the first place. Your best bet is to read this article and then go to
the store and test the hardware you think you want to purchase.
Link Protocols
--------------
In trying to explain how the various modems communicate I will start at
the lowest layer you care about: the link protocol. These protocols
describe the standard methods which the modems use to talk to each
other; they have nothing to do with error correction or data
compression. Note that there are many other protocols in use but it is
unlikely that you will encounter them in day-to-day PC use.
The rates described in the link protocol descriptions are often called
the 'link rates'; they are not necessarily the same as the rate between
the modem and the computer.
V.22bis: 2400bps (this applies to _most_ 2400bps modems). Normal
V.22bis (i.e. without MNP or V.42) is capable of a maximum
sending rate of approx. 240cps in both directions at the same
time.
V.32: One of the 9600bps standards. It is not compatible with the
HST protocol. V.32 modems can send at full speed in both
directions at the same time. Most V.32 modems come with MNP
and/or V.42.
V.32bis: The upgraded V.32 standard which runs at 14400bps in both
directions at the same time. In all other ways it is similar
to V.32. V.32bis is newly emerging (I don't think the
standard has even been totally finalized yet). When V.32bis
modems become available you can expect all of them to offer
V.32 compatibility.
HST9600: The U.S. Robotics 'High Speed Transfer' protocol. It offers
9600bps in one direction and 300bps in the opposite
direction. It is only available from USR in their Courier
HST and Courier Dual Standard modems. The USR Courier
HST9600 modems are no longer for sale from USR (they only
sell the 14400 models).
HST14400: The upgraded HST9600 standard which runs at 14400bps in one
direction and 450bps in the other. Again, it is only
available from USR in their Courier HST and Courier Dual
Standard modems. These modems are still compatible with
HST9600 modems but not with any others in HST mode.
note: None of the above standards are compatible with FAX machines.
Error Correction
----------------
Once two of these modems get talking to one another they may try to
establish an error free connection using either MNP4 or V.42 (V.42 is
also known as LAP-M for Link Access Protocol for Modems). There are
other protocols as well but these two are by far the most common. Both
of these protocols perform an asynchronous to synchronous conversion
which allows them to avoid sending start and stop bits. In general this
increases throughput for all data (even compressed files) by about 20%
(25% increase due to not sending the start/stop bits and approximately
5% decrease due to error correction and sync data). There is only a
slight difference in throughput between these two protocols with MNP4
coming out just barely ahead of V.42. It should also be noted that
these two protocols are not compatible with each other and therefore
many of the newer modems on the market support both standards.
By getting two MNP4 or V.42 modems talking together you can expect to
get throughputs such as these:
Link Rate Without MNP4/V.42 MNP4 V.42
--------- ----------------- ------- -------
2400bps 240cps 287cps 285cps
9600bps 960cps 1138cps 1124cps
14400bps 1440cps 1707cps 1686cps
Data Compression
----------------
The next layer of standards which can be added is data compression.
The two common data compression protocols are MNP5 and V.42bis (not to
be confused with V.42 which is an error correction protocol).
Data compression works similarly to programs like PKZIP except that they
compress 'on-the-fly' as you send the data to the modem. In general, if
you are sending files which are already compressed with a program such
as PKZIP then there is no advantage to turning on data compression in
your modems. In fact, if you are using MNP5 then you should disable
data compression (go back to MNP4) before sending compressed files
because it will actually take longer to send with MNP5 than it will with
MNP4. V.42bis on the other hand is smart enough to realize that it can't
compress the data any further and it turns itself off until it decides
that it will be useful again.
Data compression has its biggest advantage when you are reading text
which may repeat itself frequently (e.g. ANSI codes and menu boxes have
a lot of redundancy and consequently they compress very well). Because
different types of data have different amount of redundancy, I've broken
the throughput table into several types of data:
A) Compressed data (e.g. .ZIP, .ARC, .SIT, etc. files).
B) Regular text (e.g. this article).
C) Typical BBS Menus.
Typical throughput table for MNP5 and V.42bis (in cps):
Protocol: MNP5 │ V.42bis
Link Rate Data Type: A B C │ A B C
--------- ---- ---- ---- │ ---- ---- ----
2400bps 254 489 609 │ 285 768 928
9600bps 1013 1956 2440 │ 1124 3072 3718
14400bps 1520 2934 3658 │ 1686 4608 5574
As you can see V.42bis does a better job than MNP5 for all types of
data and has the advantage that you can always leave it on (even if you
are going to be doing file transfers of compressed data).
Software MNP5
-------------
Some 2400bps modems for sale today offer MNP5 compatibility in software,
not in hardware (read the box carefully). If the modem manufacturer is
offering software MNP5, he is really selling you a regular 2400bps modem
(without any MNP capability) and including a terminal program for your
PC which allows any modem to perform some of the functions of the MNP
protocols. In fact, if you were to buy any old 2400bps modem you could
then go out and purchase a terminal program which had software MNP
support.
Confused? I'll try to clear this up further...
The MNP protocol cannot be implemented fully from the computer side of
things. In order to run at full speed it must be able to do the
asynchronous to synchronous conversion and this cannot be done from the
computer, it must be done inside the modem. At 2400bps these are some
of the typical throughput speeds you might expect to encounter for
software MNP5:
No MNP Hardware MNP5 Software MNP5
------- ------------- -------------
Compressed data 240 cps 254 cps 193 cps
Regular text 240 cps 489 cps 371 cps
Typical BBS Menus 240 cps 609 cps 487 cps
As you can see from the table, software MNP5 is not nearly as efficient
as hardware MNP5 and it also means that you cannot choose your terminal
program - you must use the one which supplies the software MNP5 support.
Since software MNP4 does not benefit from the async to sync conversion
it will offer you an error free line but it will only run at about 228
cps (instead of the regular 240 cps you will get with no MNP support).
Not Getting the Throughputs I claim?
------------------------------------
The throughput numbers I've provided in this document are the raw total
throughput numbers. Please note that this is not the same as what you
would measure using a typical file transfer protocol. For example,
Zmodem normally gets about 234cps on a 240cps link, or to put it another
way, Zmodem runs at 97.5% efficiency. Therefore to calculate your
expected throughput using Zmodem you simply need to multiple the numbers
I've provided by 0.975. Of course in this complicated world of
communications no single number is enough: Zmodem with the Moby-Turbo
option usually offers about 99.2% efficiency (238cps on a 240cps link).
Also note that non-streaming protocols (such as Xmodem and Ymodem) do
not fair as well as streaming protocols (such as SEAlink, Ymodem-G, and
Zmodem) on higher speed links because propogation delays and response
times do not necessarily decrease when the link rate increases.
Which to buy: an HST or V.32?
-----------------------------
Many people in the PC world who want to upgrade to a modem which goes
faster than 2400bps are faced with the question of which standard to go
with. As of this writing (Dec '90) the only two standards which are
popular in the PC world are the USR HST standard and the V.32 (and soon
to come V.32bis) standard.
In this section I won't tell you which to buy but I will give you some
information which may help you to make your choice:
- Only USR is currently building HST modems. If you wish to get an HST
modem it must come from USR. The advantage of this is that you aren't
likely to run into compatibility problems when using the HST standard.
The disadvantage is the price: USR modems aren't cheap (but they are
of good quality).
- Many other manufacturers are supporting the V.32 standard. Competition
seems to be driving the price of V.32 modems below that of the HST
modems (this was not always the case). In the future we can expect a
big difference between the two standards; V.32 modems will likely be
much cheaper in the long run than HST modems (even though V.32 modems
are more complicated to build).
- USR makes a modem called the 'Courier Dual Standard' which supports
both HST and V.32 protocols in the same modem. It's disadvantage is
cost.
- Most public BBS's which support speeds higher than 2400bps only
support the HST standard. This is because USR used to offer Courier
HST modems to BBS operators at a reduced cost.
- HST modems are only high speed in one direction at a time. This
causes severe speed degradation problems during some kinds of file
transfers. In all cases it is best to try before you buy.
- One very popular type of modem in the Unix world is the Telebit. The
older Telebit modems are not compatible with either HST or V.32 modems
but many of the newer ones (if not all) have V.32 support added to
them (in addition to their native modes). This is further evidence
that V.32 has more long term potential than HST.
- Compuserve recently purchased a bunch of rack-mount USR Dual Standard
modems but is unwilling to enable the HST mode on them because once
they start supporting HST mode they feel they must continue to do so
for years into the future and they do not want to be locked into
purchasing more modems from only one supplier. It seems they also
feel V.32 is going to be the high speed modem choice of the future.
(They apparently purchased Dual Standard modems because they are the
only rack mount V.32 modems currently available.)
My feelings are that V.32 modems are technically superior to HST modems
in many ways and are likely to become common in the next few years. The
problem with this is that very few public BBS's support V.32 making a
V.32 modem almost useless at anything over 2400bps if the only places
you call are BBS's (you should check your favorite BBS yourself).
Disclaimer
----------
The information provided in this document is for the convenience of the
BBS and uunet community. It may be freely distributed but may not be
modified. There are no warranties as to the accuracy of anything which
has been written here. In all cases if you are buying any computer
equipment (including modems) it is best to test the setup you wish to
purchase before purchasing anything. Remember: if it won't work in the
store then why would you expect it to work at home?
This document is Copyright (C) 1991 Mike Benna.
--
---> Mike Benna, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
MindSpan Technologies Corp - Video Game Design and Development
UUCP: Mike_Benna@mindlink.UUCP or uunet!van-bc!rsoft!mindlink!Mike_Benna
terminologija.15dejanr,
Hvala za *veoma* interesantan prilog.
terminologija.16kvelkovski,
U mnogim porukama sa stranih BBS-ova sretao sam skracenicu *IMHO*,
ali mi nije jasno sta znaci. Dali neko zna?
Pozdrav,
Kire
P.S. I'm just curious!
terminologija.17dejanr,
>> U mnogim porukama sa stranih BBS-ova sretao sam skracenicu *IMHO*,
>> ali mi nije jasno sta znaci. Dali neko zna?
IMHO = In My Humble Opinion, po mom skromnom mišljenju.
terminologija.18agobovic,
Evo clanka koga sam dobio e-mailom sa California Institute
of Technology (Caltech) :
------------------------------------------------------------------
C=}>;{))
Like prehistoric cave-dwellers, the devotees of electronic bulletin-
-boards and "e-mail" have struggled to find a new way to express
themselves. Wall painting would not work. Words, it seems, are not
enough. Inarticulate sounds cannot be displayed on screens. To make
their messages feel more like personal contact, they have hit on
using the punctuation marks on an ordinary keyboard in order to pull
faces at each other. To read these signs, you have to put your head
on on your left shoulder. The basic unit is:
:-)
the "smiley", a standard smiling face. In context, this can mean
"I'm happy to hear from you", or other poeasantries. The smiley can
also wink:
;-)
or frown:
:-(
among other things. The language can express many things about the
user's appearance:
8-) :-{) 8:-) :-)-8 :-Q @:-)
These signs mean, respectively, that the user wears sunglasses, has
a moustache, is a little girl, is a big girl, smokes, wears a turban.
The smiley can also indicate some subtleties of mood and response:
:-D :-/ :-e :-7 :-X
These mean that he is laughing, is sceptical, is disappointed, is
wry,
is keeping his lips sealed.
Many of the signs (perhaps the majority in use on America's biggest
computer networks) are simly absurd fun, verging on the
unintelligible:
:-F *:o) +-:-) @=
The user is buck-toothed vampire with one tooth missing, is a clown,
holds religious office, is pro-nuclear. The hieroglyph of our title
means that the user is a drunk, develish chef with a toupee in an
updraft, a moustache and a double chin. Now you know what electronic
mail is used for.
Economist, v. 317 (7675), Oct. 6, 1990, p. 104
Caltech Libraries Newsletter, Dec. 1990, p. 3
terminologija.19djovicevic,
$Id: lexicon,v 1.1 91/04/11 15:59:04 em Exp $
Comp.dcom.modems lexicon, by Eamonn McManus <em@dce.ie>. Contributions by:
Charles Bryant <ch@dce.ie>
Ronald S H Khoo <ronald@robobar.co.uk>
David Lesher <wb8foz@mthvax.cs.miami.edu>
Chip Rosenthal <chip@chinacat.unicom.com>
Colin Plumb <ccplumb@rose.uwaterloo.ca>
Toby Nixon <tnixon@hayes.uucp>
Eric Gundrum <gundrum@sv.portal.com>
This lexicon is intended to provide a basic introduction to terms used in
modem technology. In the interests of brevity, some technical details and
qualifications are omitted. Corrections, additions, and suggestions are
welcome; send them to <em@dce.ie>.
This document is not copyrighted and may be used freely.
Words in angle brackets, like <this>, denote cross-references. The
following terms are defined or discussed here:
Asymmetric, asynchronous, AT commands, back channel, baud, Bell
standards, bps, carrier, CCITT, compression, CTS, DCD, DCE, DSR, DTE,
DTMF, DTR, EIA232, error correction, external modem, fall back, FAX,
flow control, four wire, full duplex, half duplex, Hayes, internal
modem, Kermit, latency, leased line, MNP, modulation, parallel, PEP,
PTT, RS232, RTS, serial, speed buffering, spoofing, synchronous,
Trailblazer, turnaround time, uucp, V series, window, XMODEM,
XON/XOFF, ZMODEM.
---
Asymmetric. Faster in one direction than the other. The faster direction
is called the main channel and the slower is the back channel. See
<V.23> and <PEP> for examples. Both of these allow the directions of the
channels to be exchanged; see <turnaround time>.
Asynchronous. Used of a <serial> connection where each byte is sent
independently. The start and end of a byte are indicated by separate bits
so each byte takes 10 bits to transmit. See <synchronous>.
AT commands. See <Hayes>. (Unrelated to the PC/AT.)
Back channel. See <asymmetric>.
Baud. A unit of communication speed, defined as signalling elements per
second. Not the same as <bps> since sometimes each signalling element
carries several bits. (There is no such thing as a 9600 baud modem,
for instance.) <RS232> terminals always have baud the same as bps.
Bell standards. <Modulation> techniques used in North America. Bell 103
is a 300bps standard; Bell 212 is 1200bps. Not allowed in some European
countries. See <V series>.
Bps. Bits per second. See <baud>.
Carrier. Roughly speaking, the tones a modem sends when it is not sending
data. Data are then variations in these tones. When the remote modem
stops emitting carrier, the local modem can assume it has hung up, unless
the local modem is now the sending party in a <half duplex> connection.
CCITT. A French acronym for the International Telegraph and Telephone
Consultative Committee, which sets standards for telephone communication
among other things. Their standards (or `recommendations' as they have
it) are published every so often in a set of `fascicles', whose colour
varies with the year. The current set is the `blue books' published in
1988. The standards are copyrighted, so they are not available
electronically. You should be able to find them at any good
engineering library. See <V series>.
Compression. Reduction of the size of data by exploiting redundancy. Many
modern modems incorporate use <MNP5> or <V.42 bis> to compress data
before they are sent over the phone line. For this to be effective, the
modem must be fed data at a higher speed than the phone line speed.
Compression is most useful for interactive sessions in the modem. If you
are sending files, compressing them on the computer before sending is
usually more effective. In this case, make sure that the modem is not
also trying to compress, because already-compressed data will become
bigger if re-compressed.
For compression to work, it is essential that the data are sent over an
error-free link. Otherwise the modems could get out of sync and
hopelessly garble the data. Since common <error correction> protocols are
<synchronous>, there is usually a throughput gain there as well.
Manufacturer claims that MNP5 provides a 2:1 reduction in size, or that
V.42 bis provides 4:1, should be taken with a grain of salt. They are
only true for suitable data. See <MNP5> and <V.42 bis>.
CTS. Clear to send. A signal from <DCE> to <DTE>. Typically used for
<flow control>.
DCD. Data carrier detect. A signal from <DCE> to <DTE>, indicating that a
<carrier> tone is being heard from the remote modem. See <DSR>.
DCE. Data circuit-terminating equipment. Whatever is connected to a phone
line. Effectively, a modem.
DSR. Data set ready. A signal from <DCE> to <DTE>, indicating that a
connection is in progress. For <half duplex> connections, DSR will be on
during the entire session, while <DCD> will be on only when the modem is
receiving.
DTE. Data terminal equipment. The computer or terminal that talks to a
modem locally.
DTMF. Dual tone multiple frequency. The standard method for tone dialling.
DTR. Data terminal ready. A signal from <DTE> to <DCE>. Sometimes used
for <flow control>, though <RTS> is more usual nowadays. Typically,
dropping DTR will cause the modem to hang up.
EIA232. See <RS232>.
Error correction. Communication between the modems to ensure that the data
sent by one end are the same as those received by the other, even in the
presence of noise on the line. Typically this is done by adding
checksums to the data. If the received data don't match their checksum
the receiving modem asks for them to be sent again.
Like <compression>, error correction in the modem is most useful for
interactive use. When sending files, it is generally best to let the
computers at each end do the correction, using a protocol like <Kermit>
or <uucp>. However, the ability of <MNP4> and <V.42> to send data
<synchronously> may make it worthwhile to use them. See also <spoofing>.
External modem. See <internal modem>.
Fall back. The ability of a modem to operate at a lower speed than its
maximum, used either for compatibility with a different type of modem
(e.g. <V.22 bis> can fall back to <V.22>) or to reduce the number of
errors over a link that cannot carry the fastest speed.
FAX. Discussions on FAX should usually be in the newsgroup comp.dcom.fax.
This entry names some of the standards used by Group 3 FAX. Parameter
negotiation and session control are done using <V.23>; the formats are
defined by T.3. Images are sent using <V.27 ter> and <V.29>; the format
is defined by T.4. The new <V.17> standard may be available in recent
machines. FAX transmission is <half duplex>.
Flow control. Ensuring that a unit, whether modem or computer, is not
supplied with more data than it can cope with. The unit must have some
way to signal to the data source to stop sending. Ideally, every unit on
the communication path should have a way to manage flow control with its
peers; otherwise if available buffer space is exceeded some data may be
lost.
Between <DTE> and <DCE> the possibilities are <RTS>/<CTS> and <XON/XOFF>.
Between two <DCE>s <XON/XOFF> is the only possibility. However, if a
protocol such as <MNP> is being run between the modems, this will
contain provision for flow control. If you can guarantee that the <DTE>s
will always be able to accept data, you should not need flow control
between the <DCE>s.
Four wire. A <leased line> with separate connections for transmitting data
in each direction.
Full duplex. Able to send data in both directions at once.
Half duplex. Able to send data in only one direction at a time. Some
protocol is usually used to switch the direction as needed.
Hayes. Modem manufacturer. The `Hayes command set' is supported by most
modern modems. Hayes commands look like ATD1234 (dial 1234) or ATA
(answer the phone). The commands for simple things like this are fairly
standard, but more complex things tend to be manufacturer-specific. A
<CCITT> standard for Hayes commands is in preparation.
Internal modem. A modem card that slots into your computer, as opposed to
an external modem, which is a separate unit. Internal modems are usually
cheaper but they have some disadvantages. An external modem can be used
with any computer; it will have diagnostic lights to see what is going
on; and it means the phone line is further from your PC and so less likely
to conduct lightning strikes into it.
Kermit. A file-transfer protocol, available for a wide variety of
machines. It contains provisions for transferring text and binary files
over 7- and 8-bit connections.
Latency. The delay between data being sent and being received by the far
end. A combination of transmission delays and <modulation> properties.
Leased line. A permanent point-to-point connection rented from the phone
company.
MNP. Microcom Network Protocols. A set of modem-to-modem protocols that
provide <error correction> and <compression>. The commonly encountered
ones are these:
MNP2. <Error correction> using <asynchronous> transmission.
MNP3. <Error correction> using <synchronous> transmission between the
modems (the <DTE> interface is still <asynchronous>). Since each
eight-bit byte takes eight rather than ten bits to transmit there is
scope for a 20% increase in throughput. Unfortunately the MNP3
protocol overhead is rather high so this increase is not realised.
MNP4. Introduces `data phase optimisation', which improves on the rather
inefficient protocol design of MNP2 and MNP3. <Synchronous> MNP4 comes
closer to achieving the 20% throughput increase mentioned above.
MNP5. Simple data compression. Dynamically arranges for commonly
occurring characters to be transmitted with fewer bits than rare
characters. It takes account of changing character frequencies as it
runs. Also encodes long runs of the same character specially. Typically
compresses text by 35%; with 20% for MNP4 this reduces data by almost
50%.
Modulation. Converting a data stream into sounds to be sent down a phone
line. The opposite is demodulation. `Modem' stands for modulator/
demodulator.
Parallel. Sending several bits at a time, usually 8, each over a separate
wire. Some modems have a parallel connection from <DTE> to <DCE>.
PEP. A proprietary <modulation> and <error correction> technique devised
by Telebit and used in their Trailblazer modems. It can achieve
throughput of 9600bps or better, and is reported to be able to sustain
noisy connections better than <V.32>. However, it is <asymmetric> a
with a very slow <back channel> and a long <turnaround time> and
<latency>. Protocols with small <windows> work very poorly unless
<spoofing> is used. Trailblazers can spoof <uucp>, <Kermit>, and
<XMODEM>.
PTT. General term for the national organisation(s) in charge of telephone
and postal communications.
RS232. The usual connection between <DCE> and <DTE>, now properly called
EIA232. It allows for 25 signals, most of which are not used on typical
connections. The minimum needed signals are ground, TxD (transmit data),
and RxD (receive data). Typically modem control lines <DCD> and <DTR>
and flow control lines <RTS> and <CTS> will also be used. See <V.24>.
RTS. Request to send. A signal from <DTE> to <DCE>. In modern modems,
this is generally used for <flow control>; when RTS is off the modem will
not send data to the terminal. In <half duplex> connections, RTS may
mean that the <DTE> has data to send, so the <DCE> should stop sending
to it and assert <CTS>.
Serial. Sending one bit at a time. Opposite of <parallel>.
Speed buffering. Early modems had very simple hardware which modulated
data from the terminal directly onto the phone line. This meant that the
terminal speed and the line speed had to be the same. Modern modems
allow them to be different (speed buffering), but unfortunately the old
assumption is wired into many communications programs, so modems also
have to provide the ability to change the terminal speed to the same as
the line speed when a connection is established. If the terminal speed
is faster than the line speed, <flow control> to the terminal will
usually be needed.
Spoofing. Protocol spoofing is used by Trailblazers (see <PEP>). The
modem knows what protocol you are using to transfer files to the far end.
It pretends to be the remote computer and acknowledges the local data as
soon as it gets them. The two Trailblazers then conspire to get the data
safely to the far end.
Synchronous. Used of a <serial> connection where bytes are sent in a
continuous stream. Some sort of protocol is needed to flag the case
where no bytes are available to be sent.
Trailblazer. See <PEP>.
Turnaround time. The time taken in a <half duplex> or <asymmetric> link to
reverse the direction of communication.
uucp. Unix-to-Unix copy. This is the name of a Unix command, but it is
now also used to refer to the protocols used by it to transfer files
between Unix machines. There are a number of such protocols, and the two
machines choose between the ones supported by each. Free implementations
also exist for VMS and MS-DOS. The newsgroup comp.mail.uucp may be more
appropriate for discussions.
V series. A set of standards published by the <CCITT> for `Data
Communication over the Telephone Network'. The following standards
describe the important <modulation> techniques:
V.17: 14400bps <half duplex> with <fall back> to 12000bps, 9600bps and
7200bps.
V.21: 300bps.
V.22: 1200bps, with <fall back> to 600bps.
V.22 bis: 2400bps, with <fall back> to V.22.
V.23: 1200bps with 75bps <back channel>, with <fall back> to 600bps/75bps.
V.27 ter: 4800bps with <fall back> to 2400bps, used by <FAX>.
V.29: 9600bps <half duplex> or <four wire> (used by <FAX>) with <fall back>
to 7200bps and 4800bps.
V.32: 9600bps with <fall back> to 4800bps.
V.32 bis: 14400bps with <fall back> to 12000bps, 9600bps, 7200bps and
4800 bps.
Other standards you may encounter:
V.24: connection between <DCE> and <DTE>. Effectively the same as
<RS232>, though V.24 only specifies the meaning of the signals, not
the connector nor the voltages used.
V.25 bis: a cryptic command language for modems.
V.42: <error correction> with <asynchronous> to <synchronous> conversion.
V.42 bis: data <compression> using a Lempel-Ziv related technique, which
detects frequently occurring character strings and replaces them with
tokens. This is similar to Unix compress. Typical compression for
text is 50% or better; with nearly 20% gain from <synchronous>
conversion this gives reduces transmission time by almost 60%.
Window. Most protocols divide the data to be sent into `packets'.
To eliminate delays several packets may be sent before any one is
acknowledged. If this is allowed by a protocol, the window is the
number of packets that can be sent before an acknowledgement is
received.
XMODEM. A primitive file-transfer protocol. It has the property that
files must be a multiple of 128 bytes long. It is <half duplex> (has a
<window> of one packet) so it performs badly on fast modems.
XON/XOFF. A method of <flow control>. The XOFF character (ASCII 19) is
sent to stop further characters, and XON (ASCII 17) is sent to resume
them. This method is inferior to hardware flow control using <RTS> and
<CTS>, since it means that XON and XOFF characters cannot be freely used
in the data.
ZMODEM. A fast file-transfer protocol with <windows>. It has been
carefully optimised for a variety of conditions, and has useful features
such as the ability to resume an aborted transfer where it left off.
terminologija.20max.headroom,
>> Da li neko ima MAX modem interni sa MNP5 i da li je imao problema sa
>> njegovom instalacijom?
>> eMoj drug je kupio taj modem i desava se veoma cudna stvar, IRQTEST
>> prijavi adrese COM1 (mis) i COM2 (modem), ali pored toga prijavi i
>> COM port na adresi 06E8, a modem ni da bekne. Taj modem smo priklju-
>> civali i kod mene, umesto mog modema koji radi OK, sve smo isto
>> podesili i opet nije radio. Na kraju je covek otisao u Minhen i
>> zamenio modem, ali je sve ostalo isto.
Vidi 'vako - kod ortaka sam pustao modem i, naravno, nije radilo iz
prve (kao ni iz druge, a i sire). On je imao slicnu postavku:
COM1 = mouse, COM2 = modem, ali modem ni glasa da pusti od sebe.
Ja onda (lepo) iz TeleMate-a nasetujem da je modem = COM1, ne
dirajuci misa (ne vadeci ga iz porta), i sve mu proradi, skoro da
kazem 'kako treba'... KAKO JE PRORADILO, ja ni sada ne znam. Znam
samo da treba krenuti sa varijantama koje su najmanje moguce, pa
tek kada utvrdis da nista ne radi (ehe - sirok pojam), onda
baci kantu kroz prozor. Ili doticnu radnju predlozi prijatelju. :)
terminologija.21djovicevic,
/* ---------- "comp.dcom.modems lexicon" ---------- */
Here is version 1.4 of the lexicon.
Comp.dcom.modems lexicon, by Eamonn McManus <em@dce.ie>.
Contributions by:
Charles Bryant <ch@dce.ie>
Ronald S H Khoo <ronald@robobar.co.uk>
David Lesher <wb8foz@mthvax.cs.miami.edu>
Chip Rosenthal <chip@chinacat.unicom.com>
Colin Plumb <ccplumb@rose.uwaterloo.ca>
Toby Nixon <tnixon@hayes.uucp>
Eric Gundrum <gundrum@sv.portal.com>
Evan Gamblin <0001847804@mcimail.com>
George Horosh <goshah@glas.apc.org>
Maria Iakimets <masha@glas.apc.org>
This lexicon is intended to provide a basic introduction to terms
used in modem technology. In the interests of brevity, some
technical details and qualifications are omitted.
Corrections, additions, and suggestions are welcome; send
them to <em@dce.ie>.
This document IS NOT copyrighted and may be used freely.
Words in angle brackets, like <this>, denote cross-references.
The following terms are defined or discussed here:
ACK, Acoustic Coupler, ASCII, Asymmetric, Asynchronous
transmission, Attenuation, AT commands, Back channel,
Bandwidth, Baud, BCC, Bell standards, BERT, bit, Bps, Byte,
Carrier, CCITT, Command File, Common Carrier, Conditioning,
Compression, CRC, CTS, C-weighting, Dataphone, dB, dBm, DCD,
DCE, Delay Distortion, Dibit, DPSK, DSR, DTE, DTMF, DTR,
EBCDIC, Echo, EIA232, Emulation, Error Correction,
Equalazer, External modem, Fall back, FAX, Flow Control,
Four wire, Frame, FSK, Full duplex, Half duplex, Handshake,
Hayes, HDLC, Hertz, Hybrid Transformer, Interface, Internal
modem, IPARS, ISO, Kermit, Latency, Leased line, LED,
Limited distance modem, Link, Loadig coil, Local loop, LRC,
Mark, MIL-STD-188-C, MNP, Modem eliminator, Modulation,
Multiplexer, NAK, Network, Node, Null modem, Octet, OOK,
OSI, Packet, Packet switching, Parallel, Parity bit, PBX,
PEP, Phase modulation, Post processing, Protocol, Protocol
converter, PTT, Public Telephone Network, QAM, Quadbit, RAM,
ROM, RS-Standards, RS-232, RTS, Script file, SDLC, Serial,
Space, Speed buffering, Spoofing, Start/Stop bits,
Statistical multiplexer, Store and Forward, Synchronous,
Synchronous transmission, Tralblazer, Turnaround time,
V.standards, V.series, Window, XMODEM, X.standards,
XON/XOFF, ZMODEM.
------------------------------------------------------------
ACK,Acknowledgment - A communication control character
transmitted by a receiver indicating that the massage was
reseived correctly.
Acoustic Coupler - A device converting electrical to audio
signals and vice versa, allowing the connection of a modem
to the <Public Telephone Network> by means of any telephone
headset.
ASCII - The American Standart Code for Information Interchange is
an 8-<bit> code accepted as a data communication standart in
North America to achieve compatibility between data
services. ASCII uses 7 <bits> for information and the 8-th
<bit> for parity.
Asymmetric - Faster in one direction than the other. The faster
direction is called the main channel and the slower is the
back channel. See <V.23> and <PEP> for examples. Both of
these allow the directions of the channels to be exchanged;
see <turnaround time>.
Asynchronous Transmission - Transmission in which the time
intervals between teansmitted charecters may be of unequal
length. Transmission is controlled by the start and stop
<bits> at the beginning and end of each character. Also
referred to as start-stop transmission. Used of <serial>
connection. See <synchronous>.
AT commands - See <Hayes>. (Unrelated to the PC/AT.)
Attenuation - Decrease in the signal amplitude. If the decrease
is a function of frequency than the <attenuation> relative
to <attenuation> at 1000 <Hz> is called <attenuation>
distortion.
Back channel - See <asymmetric>.
Bandwidth - Range of frequencies which are subject to
<attenuation> of typically less than 3 <db>.
Baud - A unit of <modulation> rate. Equal to transmission speed
divided by the number of <bits> per signal element.Frequently
confused with <bits> per second<bps>.
BCC - Block Check Character, is used for error checking and is
the result of a transmission verification algorithm
accumulated over a transmission block during <synchronous
transmission> of data.
Bell standards - <Modulation> techniques used in North America.
Bell 103 is a 300<bps> standard; Bell 22 is 1200<bps>. Not
allowed in some European countries. See <V series>.
BERT -<Bit> error rate test set. An instrument used for checking
quality of data transmission.
Bit - A binary digit, can be 0 or 1, the smallest unit of
information.
Bps, Bits per second - Unit of transmission speed is equal to
quantity of phisicaly transmited <bits> per second. See
<baud>.
Byte - A sequence of 8 <bits>, usially corresponding to a
character.
Carrier - Roughly speaking, the tones a modem sends when it is
not sending data. Data are then variations in these tones.
When the remote modem stops emitting <carrier>, the local
modem can assume it has hung up, unless the local modem is
now the sending party in a <half duplex> connection.
CCITT - A French acronym for the International Telegraph and
Telephone Consultative Committee, which sets standards for
telephone communication among other things. Their standards
(or `recommendations' as they have it) are published every
so often in a set of `fascicles', whose colour varies with
the year. The current set is the `blue books' published in
1988. The standards are copyrighted, so they are not
available electronically. You should be able to find them at
any good engineering library. See <V series>.
Command File -(See <Script file>) User-written program requied by
the communications software to make a data phone call. Contains
parameters such as the phone number, transmission speed, number
of data/stop <bits>, and parity.
Common Carrier - A public owner of transmission facilities which
has the obligation to provide such facilities to the public
on demand.
Conditioning - Special teatment of transmission facilities to
reduce their <attenuation> and <delay distortions>.
Compression - Reduction of the size of data by exploiting
redundancy. Many modern modems incorporate use <MNP5> or
<V.42 bis> to compress data before they are sent over the
phone line. For this to be effective, the modem must be fed
data at a higher speed than the phone line speed.
<compression> is most useful for interactive sessions in the
modem. If you are sending files, compressing them on the
computer before sending is usually more effective. In this
case, make sure that the modem is not also trying to
compress, because already-compressed data will become bigger
if re-compressed. For <compression> to work, it is essential
that the data are sent over an error-free <link>. Otherwise
the modems could get out of sync and hopelessly garble the
data. Since common <error correction> protocols are
<synchronous>, there is usually a throughput gain there as
well. Manufacturer claims that <MNP5> provides a 2:1
reduction in size, or that <V.42 bis> provides 4:1, should
be taken with a grain of salt. They are only true for
suitable data. See <MNP5> and <V.42 bis>.
CRC - Cyclic Redundancy Check, a checking method used to detect
errors, in which the numeric binary value of a block of data
is divided by a constant divisor. The quotient is discarded
and the remainder serves as check sequence.
CTS - Clear to send. A signal from <DCE> to <DTE>. Typically used
for <flow control>.
C-weighting - Frequency <attenuation> shaping of certain test
instruments to simulate a frequency response of human ear to
various components of the audio spectrum.
Dataphone - A trademark of AT&T applied to various modems.
dB - Decibel - logarithmic ratio. Generally applied to power,
voltages or curents.
dBm - Decibel above 1 mW - unit of electrical power.
DCD - Data <carrier> detect. A signal from <DCE> to <DTE>,
indicating that a <carrier> tone is being heard from the
remote modem. See <DSR>.
DCE - Data circuit-terminating equipment. Whatever is connected
to a phone line. Effectively, a modem.
Delay Distortion - Characteristic of the transmission medium,
affects the transmission speed of frequency components of a
data signal. Results in signal distortion.
Dibit - A sequence of two <bits> assosiated with one signal
element.
Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) - <Modulation> method used
by the Bell 212A modem based on detection of successive
relative phase changes of the data signal.
DSR - Data set ready. A signal from <DCE> to <DTE>, indicating
that a connection is in progress. For <half duplex>
connections,<DSR> will be on during the entire session,
while <DCD> will be on only when the modem is receiving.
DTE - Data terminal equipment. The computer or terminal that
talks to a modem locally.
DTMF - Dual tone multiple frequency. The standard method for tone
dialling.
DTR - Data terminal ready. A signal from <DTE> to <DCE>.
Sometimes used for <flow control>, though <RTS> is more
usual nowadays. Typically, dropping <DTR> will cause the
modem to hang up.
EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code, an
8-<bit> code used mostly by IBM. Enables representation of
graphics and control code characters.
Echo - Data or voice reflected back to the transmitter by
impedance mismatches along the transmission path.
EIA232 - Electronic Industries Assosiation - a group of US
manufacturers recodnized as the standards writing agency for
communications equipment, See also <RS232>.
Emulation - Use of the system to imitate all functions of another
system. The emulating system will operate under control of
any software written for the emulated system.
Error correction - Communication between the modems to ensure
that the data sent by one end are the same as those received
by the other, even in the presence of noise on the line.
Typically this is done by adding checksums to the data. If
the received data don't match their checksum the receiving
modem asks for them to be sent again. Like
<compression>,<error correction> in the modem is most useful
for interactive use. When sending files, it is generally
best to let the computers at each end do the correction,
using a <protocol> like <Kermit> or <uucp>. However, the
ability of <MNP4> and <V.42> to send data <synchronously>
may make it worthwhile to use them. See also <spoofing>.
Equalizer - Device to compensate for distortion introduced by
transmission facilities.
External modem - See <internal modem>.
Fall back - The ability of a modem to operate at a lower speed
than its maximum, used either for compatibility with a
different type of modem (e.g. <V.22 bis> can fall back to
<V.22>) or to reduce the number of errors over a <link> that
cannot carry the fastest speed.
FAX - Discussions on FAX should usually be in the newsgroup
comp.dcom.fax. This entry names some of the <CCITT>
standards used by Group 3 FAX. Parameter negotiation and
session control are done using <V.21>; the formats are
defined by T.3. Images are sent using <V.27 ter> and <V.29>;
the format is defined by T.4. The new <V.17> standard may be
available in recent machines. FAX transmission is <half
duplex>.
Flow control - Ensuring that a unit, whether mode or computer, is
not supplied with more data than it can cope with. The unit
must have some way to signal to the data source to stop
sending. Ideally, every unit on the communication path
should have a way to manage <flow control> with its peers;
otherwise if available buffer space is exceeded some data
may be lost. Between <DTE> and <DCE> the possibilities are
<RTS>/<CTS> and <XON/XOFF>. Between two <DCE>s <XON/XOFF> is
the only possibiliyy. However, if a <protocol> such as <MNP>
is being run between the modems, this will contain provision
for <flow control>.If you can guarantee that the <DTE>s will
always be able to accept data, you should not need <flow
control> between the <DCE>s.
Four wire - A <leased line> with separate connections for
transmitting data in each direction.
Frame - Transmission data segment. In <synchronous> protocols
data is formatted in blocks or <frames> for transmission.
Each <frame> consists of a start flag followed by an adress
field, control field, data field, <frame> check sequence and
a stop flag.
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) - Method of <modulation>, where a
binary "0" generates one frequency and a binary "1"
generates another frequency.
Full duplex - Able to send data in both directions at once.
Half duplex - Able to send data in only one direction at a time.
Some <protocol> is usually used to switch the direction as
needed.
Handshake - Exchange of predetermined signals occuring when the
data connection is first established.
Hayes - Modem manufacturer. The `Hayes command set' is supported
by most modern modems. Hayes commands look like ATD1234
(dial 1234) or ATA (answer the phone). The commands for
simple things like this are fairly standard, but more
complex things tend to be manufacturer-specific. A <CCITT>
standard for Hayes commands is in preparation.
HDLC - High Level Data Link Control. A <link> level <bit>
oriented <protocol> used in <synchronous transmission>.
Hertz (Hz) - Unit of frequency, equal to cycles per second.
Hybrid Transformer - A special kind of transformer used to wire
transmission systems to separate the two directions of
transmission.
Interface - A shared boundary between two communications devices,
e.g. a computer, a modem, a printer or a communication
channel.
Internal modem - A modem card that slots into your computer, as
opposed to an <external modem>, which is a separate unit.
<Internal modem>s are usually cheaper but they have some
disadvantages. An <external modem> can be used with any
computer; it will have diagnostic lights to see what is
going on; and it means the phone line is further from your
PC and so less likely to conduct lightning strikes into it.
IPARS - International Passenger Airline Reservation System.
Originally developed by IBM for its nominal purpose, but
fast becoming a generic term for any airline <protocol>.
ISO - Internetional Standards Organizattion responsible for
development of general <network> <protocol>.
Kermit - A file-transfer <protocol>, available for a wide variety
of machines. It contains provisions for transferring text
and binary files over 7- and 8-<bit> connections.
Latency - The delay between data being sent and being received by
the far end. A combination of transmission delays and
<modulation> properties.
Leased Line - A telecommunication channel leased from the <Common
Carrier> between two or more fixed locations. Charges are
ussualy a fixed sum per month.
Light Emmitting Diode (LED) - A semiconductor low current, low
voltage lamp. Special LEDs are used as generators of light
energy for lasers and for fider optics transmission.
Limited Dictance Modem - A device which permits data
communications over short distances.
Link - A transmission path between two data sets, channels or
switching offices.
Loading Coil - Inductance added to a telephone line to improve
its frequency distortion at low frequencies. Not
erecommended for data transmission.
Local Loop - A pair of wires connecting the telephone subscriber
to the local telephone office.
LRC - Longitudinal Redundancy Check, a simple parity check of a
block of data.
Mark - A signal on a data circuit inditicating a binary "one".
MIL-STD-188-C - A US military standard similar to RS-232-C,
except that the voltage levels are different.
MNP - Microcom Network Protocols. A set of modem-to-modem
protocols that provide <error correction> and <compression>.
The commonly encountered ones are these:
MNP2. <Error correction> using <asynchronous transmission>.
MNP3. <Error correction> using <synchronous transmission>
between the modems (the <DTE> <interface> is still
<asynchronous>). Since each eight-<bit> <byte> takes eight
rather than ten <bits> to transmit there is scope for a 20%
increase in throughput. Unfortunately the MNP3 <protocol>
overhead is rather high so this increase is not realised.
MNP4. Introduces `data phase optimisation', which improves on
the rather inefficient <protocol> design of MNP2 and
MNP3.<Synchronous> MNP4 comes closer to achieving the 20%
throughput increase mentioned above.
MNP5. Simple data <compression>. Dynamically arranges for
commonly occurring characters to be transmitted with fewer
<bits> than rare characters. It takes account of changing
character frequencies as it runs. Also encodes long rnns of
the same character specially. Typically compresses text by
35%; with 20% for MNP4 this reduces data by almost 50%.
Modem Eliminator - Sometimes used to describe a limited distance
modem, sometimes to describe a "null" modem.
Modulation - Converting a data stream into sounds to be sent down
a phone line. The opposite is demodulation. `Mddem' stands
for modulator/ demodulator.
Multiplexer - A device to combine several signals into a
composite data stream for economic transmission. Techniques
employed are frequensy division (FDM) and time division
(TDM).
NAK - Negative Acknowledment, a communication control character
indicating that some information was received incorrectly.
Network - A series of point interconnected by communication
channels, often on switched basis. Networks are either
common to all users or are privately leased from common
carriers for exclusive use by a customer.
Node - A point in a transmission system, where lines or trunks
from many system meet. Also the point in a <network>, where
switching occurs.
Null Modem - A cable or dual-sided plug which allows the
connection of two <DCE>s or two <DTE>s.
Octet - Standard <CCITT> term for a group of eight <bits>, i.e.,
what the rest of us think of as a <byte>. They avoid `byte'
because some strange machines have <bytes> with more or less
than eight <bits>.
OOK - On/Off Keying, the simplest form of <modulation> consists
of turning the signal on or off.
OSI - Open System Interconnection.Standardized procedures for
exchange of information among terminal devices, computers,
people, <networks>, processes, etc., that are "open" to one
another for this purpose by virtue of their mutual use of
these procedures. OSI is being developed by <ISO> and
<CCITT>. It will provide a common basis for the coordination
of standards development for the purpose of system
interconnection whithin a seven layer model.
Packet - Data drouped for transmission through a public data
<network> such as PSTN and X.25 <network>.
Packet Switching - Transfer of data by means of addressable
<packets>, where a channel is only occupied for the duration
of transmission of the <packet>. The channel is then avaible
for transmission of other <packets>. In contrast with
circuit switching, the data <network> determines routing
during, rather then prior to, the transfer of a <packet>.
Parallel - Sending several <bits> at a time, usually 8, each over
a separate wire. Some modems have a parallel connection from
<DTE> to <DCE>.
Parity <bit> - An eighth <bit> added to the seven <bits>
representing a character, so that the total "one" or
"<mark>" <bits> in a character including the parity <bit>,
will be either even, for even parity, or odd, for odd
parity.
PBX or PABX - Private Branch Exchange, telephone switching
service usually at a customer's premises.
PEP - A proprietary <modulation> and <error correction> technique
devised by Telebit and used in their Trailblazer modems. It
can achieve throughput of 9600<bps> or better, and is
reported to be able to sustain noisy connections better than
<V.32>. However, it is <asymmetric> a with a very slow <back
channel> and a long <turnaround time> and <latency>.
<Protocols> with small <windows> work very poorly unless
<spoofing> is used. Trailblazers can spoof <uucp>, <Kermit>,
and <XMODEM>.
Phase Modulation - Mithod of <modulation>, where a binary "0"
generates one phase value and the binary "1" generates
another frequency. Phase values are frequently assigned to
<dibits> or <quadbits>, rather than to single <bits>.
Post Processing - The ability of <protocol> analyzer to perform
data analisis on data contained in a data capture buffer
just as if the data were arriving in real time.
Protocol - A formal set of conventions governing the format and
control of inputs and outputs between two communications
devices or processes.
Protocol Converter - A device for translating output of one
computer or terminal into formats which can be interpreted
by another computer or terminal.
PTT - General term for the national organisation(s) in charge of
telephone and postal communications.
Public Telephone Network - Switched telephone <network> operated
by the <Common Carrier>.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) - <Modulation> method used
by high speed modems combining amplitude and <phase
modulation> of the data signal.
Quadbit - A sequence of four <bits> associated with one signal
element.
RAM - Random Access Memory, used to store temporary data in the
computer.
ROM - Read Only Memory, used to store permanent data which can
not be changed.
RS Standards - US Industry standards for interfacing computers to
data communications equipment developed by EIA. The most
popular <interface> standard in the US is the RS-232-C.
RS232 - The usual connection between <DCE> and <DTE>, now
properly called <EIA232>. It allows for 25 signals, most of
which are not used on typical connections. The minimum
needed signals are ground, TxD (transmit data), and RxD
(receive data). Typically modem control lines <DCD> and
<DTR> and flow control lines <RTS> and <CTS> will also b
used. See <V.24>.
RTS,Request to send - A signal from <DTE> to <DCE>. In modern
modems, this is generally used for <flow control>; when
<RTS> is off the modem will not send data to the terminal.
In <half duplex> connections, <RTS> may mean that the <DTE>
has data to send, so the <DCE> should stop sending to it and
assert <CTS>.
Script File -(See <Command file>) User-written program required
by the communications software to guide the data phone call
after a connection has been established. Contains parameters
such as the logon sequence, password, and menu selection.
SDLC - Synchronous Data Link Control, a <synchronous> data
transmission <protocol>.
Serial - Sending one <bit> at a time. Opposite of <parallel>.
Space - A binary "zero", opposite of "<mark>".
Speed buffering - Early modems had very simple hardware which
modulated data from the terminal directly onto the phone
line. This meant that the terminal speed and the line speed
had to be the same. Modern modems allow them to be different
(speed buffering), but unfortunately the old assumption is
wired into many communications programs, so modems also have
to provide the ability to change the erminal speed to the
same as the line speed when a connection is established. If
the terminal speed is faster than the line speed, <flow
control> to the terminal will usually be needed.
Spoofing - <Protocol> spoofing is used by Trailblazers (see
<PEP>). The modem knows what <protocol> you are using to
transfer files to the far end. It pretends to be the remote
computer and acknowledges the local data as soon as it gets
them. The two Trailblazers then conspire to get the data
safely to the far end.
Start/Stop Bits - Special character-delimiting <bits used in
<asynchronous transmission>.
Statistical Multiplexer - Multiplexer equipment, which
dynamically allocates transmission capacity to only active
channels, thus allowing better channel utilization than with
regular <multiplexer>.
Store and Forward - A method of transmission in which messages
received from one user are stored at intermediate points and
retransmitted to other users whenever a transmission path is
available. Used in <packet> switching <networks>.
Synchronous - Used of a <serial> connection where <bytes> are
sent in a continuous stream. Some sort of <protocol> is
needd to flag the case where no <bytes> are available to be
sent.
Synchronous Transmission - Method of communication in which
synchronization between the transmitter and receiver is
achieved by sending timing signal independent of the
transmitted characters. Timing can be common to all
<network> stations or can be included in each block of data.
Trailblazer - See <PEP>.
Turnaround time - The time taken in a <half duplex> or
<asymmetric> <link> to reverse the direction of communicaton
uucp. Unix-to-Unix copy. This is the name of a Unix command,
but it is now also used to refer to the <protocols> used by
it to transfer files between Unix machines. There are a
number of such <protocols>, and the two machines choose
between the ones supported by each. Free implementations
also exist for VMS and MS-DOS. The newsgroup comp.mail.uucp
may be more appropriate for discussions.
V. stsndard - A series of voice grade recommendations (standards)
developed by <CCITT> for interfacing and modem standards.
V series - A set of standards published by the <CCITT> for `Data
Communication over the Telephone Network'. The following
standards describe the important <modulation> techniques:
V.17: 14400<bps> <half duplex> with <fall back> to 12000<bps>,
9600<bps> and 7200<bps>.
V.21: 300<bps>.
V.22: 1200<bps>, with <fall back> to 600<bps>.
V.22 bis: 2400<bps>, with <fall back> to V.22.
V.23: 1200<bps> with 75<bps> <back channel>, with <fall back>
to 600<bps>/75<bps>.
V.27 ter: 4800<bps> with <fall back> to 2400<bps>, used by
<FAX>.
V.29: 9600<bps> <half duplex> or <four wire> (used by <FAX>)
with <fall back> to 7200<bps> and 4800<bps>.
V.32: 9600<bps> with <fall back> to 4800<bps>.
V.32 bis: 14400<bps> with <fall back> to 12000<bps>, 9600<bps>,
7200<bps> and 4800 <bps>.
Other standards you may encounter:
V.24: connection between <DCE> and <DTE>. Effectively the same
as <RS232>, though V.24 only specifies the meaning of the
signals, not the connector nor the voltages used.
V.25 bis: a cryptic command language for modems.
V.42: <error correction> with <asynchronous> to <synchronous>
conversion.
V.42 bis: data <compression> using a Lempel-Ziv related
technique, which detects frequently occurring character
strings and replaces them with tokens. This is similar to
Unix compress. Typical <compression> for text is 50% or
better; with nearly 20% gain from <synchronous> conversion
this gives reduces transmission time by almost 60%.
Window - Most <protocols> divide the data to be sent into
`<packets>'. To eliminate delays several <packets> may be
sent before any one is acknowledged. If this is allowed by a
<protocol>, the <window> is the number of <packets> that can
be sent before an <acknowledgement> is received.
XMODEM - A primitive file-transfer <protocol>. It has the
property that files must be padded to a multiple of 128
<bytes> long. It is <half duplex> (has a <window> of one
<packet>) so it performs badly on fast modems.
X. Standards - A series of <CCITT> recommendations for
transmission of data over public data <network>. The best
known of these standards is X.25.
XON/XOFF - A method of <flow control>. The XOFF character
(<ASCII> 19) is sett to stop further characters, and XON
(<ASCII> 17) is sent to resume them. This method is inferior
to hardware <flow control> using <RTS> and <CTS>, since it
means that XON and XOFF characters cannot be freely used in
the data.
ZMODEM - A fast file-transfer <protocol> with <windows>. It has
been carefully optimised for a variety of conditions, and
has useful features such as the ability to resume an aborted
transfer where it left off.
terminologija.22iboris,
.......
Ł This document IS NOT copyrighted and may be used freely.
Ł
Ł Words in angle brackets, like <this>, denote cross-references.
Ł The following terms are defined or discussed here:
Ł
Ł ACK, Acoustic Coupler, ASCII, Asymmetric, Asynchronous
Ł transmission, Attenuation, AT commands, Back channel,
Ł Bandwidth, Baud, BCC, Bell standards, BERT, bit, Bps, Byte,
Ł Carrier, CCITT, Command File, Common Carrier, Conditioning,
Ł Compression, CRC, CTS, C-weighting, Dataphone, dB, dBm, DCD,
Ł DCE, Delay Distortion, Dibit, DPSK, DSR, DTE, DTMF, DTR,
......
Pa dobro bre , zaŠto nisi ovo prikačio kao poruku uz fajl?
Neko to ne bi ni uzimao ,a ovako je bio prinuđen. U SOR-u Će samo
da opali + ili -> ili PgDn i da prođe dalje, a ti ako si mislio
i hteo da ovo neko sigurno pročita, nisi postigao cilj.
Zamolio bih i ostale , čije poruke prelaze 15kb, da ih prikače
kao fajl uz poruku i ja ću im biti zahvalan, a pretpostavljam i još
po neko.