voa.105usisbel,
DATE=3/28/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176156
TITLE=OSCAR / FOREIGN-LANGUAGE FILM (S-ONLY)
BYLINE=ALAN SILVERMAN
DATELINE=LOS ANGELES
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE AMERICAN MOTION PICTURE ACADEMY HAS GIVEN RUSSIA ITS
FIRST-EVER OSCAR. V-O-A'S ALAN SILVERMAN REPORTS ON THE ACADEMY
AWARD-WINNING BEST FOREIGN LANGUAGE FILM:
TEXT: "BURNT BY THE SUN," AN UNSENTIMENTAL LOOK AT THE TRAGEDY
OF STALINISM AS EXPERIENCED BY ONE FAMILY ON A SUMMER WEEKEND IN
1936, IS THE OSCAR-WINNER. THE DRAMA THAT PREVIOUSLY WON THE
CANNES FILM FESTIVAL GRAND JURY PRIZE IS CO-WRITTEN AND DIRECTED
BY ITS STAR, NIKITA MIKHALKOV -- FINALLY WINNING AN OSCAR AFTER
BEING NOMINATED TWICE BEFORE:
/// MIKHALKOV ACTUALITY ///
(RUSSIAN/IN TRANSLATION) THE PICTURES FOR ME ARE LIKE
COOKING RAVIOLI OR FISHING. YOU THROW 10 HOOKS IN THE
WATER AND YOU WAIT UNTIL THE FIRST ONE FINALLY CATCHES.
/// END ACTUALITY ///
ACCOMPANYING THE FILMMAKER TO ACCEPT THE AWARD, HIS SIX-YEAR-OLD
DAUGHTER NADIA -- WHO CO-STARS WITH HER FATHER IN "BURNT BY THE
SUN." ACADEMY VOTERS PICKED THE RUSSIAN FILM OVER ENTRIES FROM
MACEDONIA, TAIWAN, BELGIUM AND CUBA.
THE MOTION PICTURE ACADEMY ALSO PRESENTED A LIFE ACHIEVEMENT
OSCAR TO ITALIAN FILMMAKER MICHAELANGELO ANTONIONI. (SIGNED)
NEB / DM / WOD
28-Mar-95 12:27 AM EST (0527 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.106usisbel,
DATE=3/28/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176160
TITLE=OSCAR NIGHT / ONE VIEW / L-O
BYLINE=VAN SEROPIAN
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE ANNUAL HOLLYWOOD ACADEMY AWARDS SHOW IS OVER. THE
RESULTS WERE LARGELY ANTI-CLIMACTIC. VAN SEROPIAN HAS THIS
REPORT:
TEXT: THERE WERE NO SURPRISES AT THE OSCAR AWARDS CEREMONY IN
LOS ANGELES, WHERE HOLLYWOOD'S GLITTERATI GATHERED FOR THEIR
ANNUAL ORGY OF SELF-CONGRATULATION. IT LASTED FOUR HOURS.
PREDICTABLY, THE GOOD GUYS WON AND THE BAD GUYS LOST.
FORREST GUMP, AN UNABASHEDLY SENTIMENTAL TALE -- A SIMPLETON
WHOSE RELENTLESS OPTIMISM PROPELS HIM TO FAME AND FORTUNE, BUT
DOES NOT SPOIL HIM IN THE PROCESS -- TOOK THE BIG HONORS: BEST
ACTOR FOR TOM HANKS; BEST DIRECTOR, ROBERT ZEMECKIS; AND BEST
PICTURE.
HOLLYWOOD HAS A LONG HISTORY OF FAVORING PICTURES ABOUT
CHARACTERS WHO HAVE SOME MENTAL OR PHYSICAL AFFLICTION. HANKS
WON AN OSCAR LAST YEAR FOR HIS PERFORMANCE AS A LAWYER STRICKEN
WITH AIDS.
ANYONE WHO HAD HOPED THE DARKLY-COMIC TALE, "PULP FICTION," WOULD
SOMEHOW MAKE IT TO THE TOP AS THE BEST FILM, WAS DISAPPOINTED.
THE PICTURE -- IN WHICH JOHN TRAVOLTA GOT A BEST ACTOR NOMINATION
-- WON ONLY ONE AWARD: BEST SCREENPLAY.
JESSICA LANGE WON THE BEST ACTRESS AWARD FOR HER PERFORMANCE IN
"BLUE SKY," PLAYING AN UNSTABLE, FRUSTRATED ARMY WIFE. THE
PICTURE DIED AT THE BOX OFFICE.
DIANNE WIEST TOOK THE BEST SUPPORTING ACTRESS AWARD FOR HER ROLE
AS AN EGOCENTRIC 1920'S DIVA IN "BULLETS OVER BROADWAY." MARTIN
LANDAU WON AS BEST SUPPORTING ACTOR FOR HIS PORTRAYAL OF AGING
SCREEN STAR BELA LUGOSI IN "ED WOOD."
BUT GETTING BACK TO GUMP, HE RECALLS WHAT HIS MOTHER SAID AT ONE
POINT : "LIFE'S LIKE A BOX OF CHOCOLATES, YOU NEVER KNOW WHAT
YOU'RE GOING TO GET."
WITH SYRUPY PLATITUDES LIKE THAT, NO WONDER THE PICTURE MADE 600
MILLION DOLLARS WORLDWIDE. (SIGNED).
NEB / WOD
28-Mar-95 4:47 AM EST (0947 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.107usisbel,
DATE=3/28/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176165
TITLE=OSCAR WINNERS (S)
BYLINE=ALAN SILVERMAN
DATELINE=LOS ANGELES
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: "FORREST GUMP" WAS THE BIG WINNER MONDAY NIGHT, WHEN THE
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF MOTION PICTURE ARTS AND SCIENCES PRESENTED
THE 67TH ANNUAL OSCARS. V-O-A'S ALAN SILVERMAN WAS ON HAND AT
CEREMONY HONORING THE BEST ON FILM IN THE PAST YEAR:
TEXT: SIX ACADEMY AWARDS WENT TO "FORREST GUMP:" AMONG THEM,
BEST PICTURE, BEST DIRECTOR, BEST ADAPTED SCREENPLAY AND THE
TITLE ROLE OF A SIMPLE MAN LIVING THROUGH THE PAST 40 YEARS OF
AMERICAN HISTORY WON BEST ACTOR FOR TOM HANKS:
/// HANKS ACTUALITY ///
I AM EMPOWERED TO STAND HERE THANKS TO THE ENSEMBLE OF
ACTORS, MEN AND WOMEN, WHO I SHARED THE SCREEN WITH,
WHO, IN WAYS THAT THEY WILL NEVER UNDERSTAND, MADE ME
A
BETTER ACTOR.
/// END ACTUALITY ///
JESSICA LANGE TOOK HOME BEST ACTRESS FOR HER PERFORMANCE AS A
MANIC-DEPRESSIVE MILITARY WIFE IN THE ACCLAIMED BUT LITTLE-SEEN
DRAMA "BLUE SKY:"
/// LANGE ACTUALITY ///
I WANT TO THANK THE ACADEMY SO MUCH. THIS IS SUCH A
WONDERFUL HONOR, ESPECIALLY FOR A LITTLE FILM THAT
SEEMED TO HAVE NO FUTURE.
/// END ACTUALITY ///
COMMENTS BY THE WINNERS COURTESY OF THE MOTION PICTURE ACADEMY.
WRITER-DIRECTOR NIKITA MIKHALKOV'S DRAMA OF THE STALIN ERA,
"BURNT BY THE SUN," EARNED RUSSIA ITS FIRST-EVER OSCAR IN THE
BEST FOREIGN LANGUAGE FILM CATEGORY. (SIGNED)
NEB / DM / WOD
28-Mar-95 5:20 AM EST (1020 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.108usisbel,
DATE=3/28/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176164
TITLE=OSCAR WRAPUP (L)
BYLINE=ALAN SILVERMAN
DATELINE=LOS ANGELES
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE STARS CAME OUT TO CELEBRATE THE MOVIES MONDAY NIGHT
AT THE 67TH ANNUAL OSCAR CEREMONY. V-O-A'S ALAN SILVERMAN WAS
ON
HAND FOR THE GALA LOS ANGELES EVENT AS THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF
MOTION PICTURE ARTS AND SCIENCES HONORED THE BEST ON SCREEN IN
THE PAST YEAR:
TEXT:
/// PACINO ACTUALITY ///
AND THE OSCAR GOES TO "FORREST GUMP ...
/// END ACTUALITY ///
AL PACINO ANNOUNCED THE EVENING'S TOP PRIZE -- BEST PICTURE OF
THE YEAR -- CONFIRMING THAT IT WAS A GOOD NIGHT TO BE "GUMP:"
/// OPTIONAL "FORREST GUMP" ACTUALITY ///
"I'M N-O-T A SMART MAN, BUT I KNOW WHAT LOVE IS."
/// END OPTIONAL ACTUALITY ///
THE BITTERSWEET SAGA OF A SIMPLE MAN LIVING THROUGH COMPLEX TIMES
HAD THE MOST NOMINATIONS -- 13 -- AND "FORREST GUMP" ENDED UP
WINNING THE MOST OSCARS: SIX, INCLUDING BEST DIRECTOR FOR ROBERT
ZEMECKIS:
/// ZEMECKIS ACTUALITY ///
I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MOTION PICTURE AUDIENCES ALL
AROUND THE WORLD. IN HISTORIC NUMBERS YOU HAVE EMBRACED
A FILM THAT AT ITS HEART OFFERS A HUMAN, LIFE-AFFIRMING,
HOPEFUL STORY. THANK YOU VERY MUCH." (APPLAUSE)
/// END ACTUALITY ///
AND "GUMP" STAR TOM HANKS BECAME ONLY THE SECOND ACTOR IN OSCAR
HISTORY TO WIN BEST ACTOR IN BACK-TO-BACK YEARS. HE WON LAST
YEAR FOR "PHILADELPHIA" /// OPT /// AND BACKSTAGE MONDAY NIGHT,
HANKS ADMITTED TO STRONG EMOTIONS ABOUT THE HONOR:
/// OPTIONAL HANKS ACTUALITY ///
BY THE VERY TESTAMENT THAT I CAN NEVER GET THROUGH ONE
OF THESE MOMENTS WITHOUT MY LOWER LIP QUIVERING SHOULD
SIGNAL THE FACT THAT THIS IS AN EXTREMELY EMOTIONAL AND
PERSONAL MOMENT PLAYED OUT IN FRONT OF THREE BILLION
PEOPLE.
/// END OPTIONAL ACTUALITY ///
THE OSCAR FOR BEST ACTRESS WENT TO JESSICA LANGE FOR HER
PORTRAYAL OF A MANIC-DEPRESSIVE MILITARY WIFE IN "BLUE SKY:"
/// OPTIONAL "BLUE SKY" ACTUALITY ///
"BRIGITTE BARDOT STRIPS FOR MILLIONS AND SHE'S A
GODDESS; I SUNBATHE TOPLESS AND I'M A SCANDAL."
/// END OPTIONAL ACTUALITY ///
/// OPT /// LANGE SALUTED BRITISH DIRECTOR TONY RICHARDSON, WHO
DIED JUST AFTER "BLUE SKY" WAS COMPLETED:
///OPTIONAL LANGE ACTUALITY ///
HE HAD SUCH A WONDERFUL WAY OF ENCOURAGING YOU TO JUST
LEAP OFF THE EDGE AND TO TAKE A CHANCE. HE WAS REALLY
THE PERFECT DIRECTOR FOR ME IN THIS PARTICULAR PIECE.
/// END OPTIONAL ACTUALITY ///
THE FILM "SAT ON THE SHELF" -- IT'S RELEASE DELAYED FOR THREE
YEARS BY THE STUDIO'S FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES.
/// "THE LION KING" MUSIC ///
THE DISNEY ANIMATED FEATURE "THE LION KING" SWEPT THE MUSICAL
AWARDS: BEST SCORE (FOR HANS ZIMMER) AND BEST ORIGINAL SONG --
"CAN YOU FEEL THE LOVE TONIGHT" -- FOR LYRICIST TIM RICE AND
COMPOSER ELTON JOHN:
/// OPTIONAL JOHN ACTUALITY ///
I GET ACCOSTED AT AIRPORTS BY SIX-YEAR-OLDS NOW. TIM
(RICE) AND I WROTE THE SONGS FOR KIDS AND THEY SEEM TO
LOVE IT. THAT'S WHY YOU WROTE SONGS FOR ANIMATED FILMS.
THEY LOVE IT AND THAT ACHIEVED EVERYTHING WE SET OUT TO
DO.
/// END OPTIONAL ACTUALITY ///
RUSSIA GOT ITS FIRST-EVER FOREIGN LANGUAGE FILM OSCAR FOR "BURNT
BY THE SUN" -- AN UNSENTIMENTAL DRAMA OF STALINIST TIMES
CO-WRITTEN, DIRECTED BY AND STARRING NIKITA MIKHALKOV /// OPT
/// WHO SAYS HE IS DISAPPOINTED BY THE QUALITY OF FILMS BEING
MADE TODAY IN HIS COUNTRY AND IN THE UNITED STATES:
/// OPTIONAL MIKHALKOV ACTUALITY ///
(RUSSIAN / IN TRANSLATION) BUT I MUST BE THANKFUL FOR
THAT BECAUSE AFTER WATCHING SO MANY POOR MOVIES --
AMERICAN AS WELL AS RUSSIAN -- YOU, APPARENTLY, LIKED
MY
MOVIE, WHICH I CONSIDER GOOD.
/// END OPTIONAL ACTUALITY ///
ITALIAN DIRECTOR MICHELANGELO ANTONIONI RECEIVED AN HONORARY
ACADEMY AWARD, PRESENTED BY JACK NICHOLSON:
/// NICHOLSON ACTUALITY ///
MOST MOVIES CELEBRATE THE WAYS WE CONNECT WITH ONE
ANOTHER. THE FILMS OF THIS MASTER MOURN THE FAILURES
TO
CONNECT. IN THE EMPTY, SILENT SPACES OF THE WORLD, HE
HAS FOUND METAPHORS THAT ILLUMINATE THE SILENT PLACES
OF
OUR HEARTS AND FOUND IN THEM, TOO, A STRANGE AND
TERRIBLE BEAUTY.
/// END ACTUALITY ///
CLINT EASTWOOD'S BODY OF WORK WAS HONORED WITH THE IRVING
THALBERG SPECIAL ACHIEVEMENT AWARD:
/// OPTIONAL EASTWOOD ACTUALITY ///
IF ANYBODY ASKED ME ABOUT MAKING FILMS I WOULD SAY THAT
IT'S PROBABLY A LITTLE EXPERTISE AND A LOTTA LUCK. NOW,
HOW I FIT INTO THAT EQUATION? WELL, IF I WAS IN DIRTY
HARRY'S SIGHTS AND HE SAID "DO YOU FEEL LUCKY?" I'D SAY
YOU'RE DAMN RIGHT I DO.
/// END OPTIONAL ACTUALITY ///
COMPOSER-ARRANGER QUINCY JONES RECEIVED THE JEAN HERSHOLT AWARD
FOR HIS HUMANITARIAN WORK.
COMMENTS FROM THE OSCAR WINNERS ARE COURTESY OF THE AMERICAN
MOTION PICTURE ACADEMY, WHOSE FIVE THOUSAND VOTING MEMBERS PICK
THE OSCAR WINNERS.
// REST OPTIONAL //
THIS YEAR'S ACADEMY AWARD CEREMONY TELECAST WAS SEEN BY A GLOBAL
AUDIENCE IN MORE THAN 100 COUNTRIES. (SIGNED)
NEB / DM / WOD
28-Mar-95 5:16 AM EST (1016 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.109usisbel,
DATE=3/28/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176157
TITLE=OSCAR/"FORREST GUMP" (S-ONLY)
BYLINE=ALAN SILVERMAN
DATELINE=LOS ANGELES
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: "FORREST GUMP" HAS SWEPT SIX PRIZES -- INCLUDING THE
BIGGEST HONORS AT THE 67TH ANNUAL OSCARS PRESENTED MONDAY NIGHT
IN LOS ANGELES BY THE AMERICAN MOTION PICTURE ACADEMY. V-O-A'S
ALAN SILVERMAN REPORTS ON THE YEAR'S TOP OSCAR WINNER:
TEXT: NAMED BEST ACTOR FOR HIS PERFORMANCE IN THE TITLE ROLE OF
A SIMPLE MAN LIVING THROUGH COMPLEX TIMES -- THE PAST 40 YEARS
OF
AMERICAN HISTORY -- AN EMOTIONAL TOM HANKS:
// HANKS ACTUALITY ///
THE POWER, THE PLEASURE AND THE EMOTION OF THIS MOMENT
IS A CONSTANT (LIKE) THE SPEED OF LIGHT. IT WILL NEVER
BE DIMINISHED ... AND THE MEANING BETWEEN TWO SIMPLE
WORDS THAT I CAN ONLY OFFER YOU HERE: THANK YOU, GOD
BLESS YOU IN THIS ROOM AND GOD BLESS YOU ALL AROUND THE
WORLD. (APPLAUSE)
/// END ACTUALITY ///
HANKS IS ONLY THE SECOND IN OSCAR HISTORY TO WIN BEST ACTOR IN
BACK-TO-BACK YEARS; HE WON LAST YEAR FOR "PHILADELPHIA."
THE SIX ACADEMY AWARDS FOR "FORREST GUMP" INCLUDE BEST ADAPTED
SCREENPLAY (TO ERIC ROTH), BEST DIRECTOR (FOR ROBERT ZEMECKIS)
AND THE EVENING'S TOP AWARD, BEST PICTURE OF THE YEAR.
THE FILM WORLD'S HIGHEST HONORS, THE OSCARS ARE CHOSEN BY FIVE
THOUSAND VOTING MEMBERS OF THE MOTION PICTURE ACADEMY -- THE
ACTORS, WRITERS, DIRECTORS, PRODUCERS, AND TECHNICAL EXPERTS WHO
MAKE THE MOVIES. (SIGNED)
NEB / DM / WOD
28-Mar-95 1:10 AM EST (0610 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.110usisbel,
DATE=3/27/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176153
TITLE=OSCAR/BEST SUPPORTING ACTOR (S-ONLY)
BYLINE=ALAN SILVERMAN
DATELINE=LOS ANGELES
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE 67TH ANNUAL ACADEMY AWARDS ARE BEING PRESENTED IN A
STAR-STUDDED CEREMONY IN LOS ANGELES. V-O-A'S ALAN SILVERMAN
REPORTS ON THE OSCAR-WINNERS FOR SUPPORTING ROLES:
TEXT: MARTIN LANDAU TAKES HOME THE OSCAR FOR HIS PERFORMANCE IN
THE QUIRKY COMEDY "ED WOOD" AS THE LATE SCREEN HORROR IDOL,
HUNGARIAN-BORN BELA LUGOSI:
/// "ED WOOD ACTUALITY ///
THIS IS THE MOST UNCOMFORTABLE COFFIN I'VE EVER BEEN IN. YOUR
SELECTION IS VERY SHODDY. YOU'RE WASTING MY TIME.
/// END ACTUALITY ///
ACCEPTING HIS FIRST-EVER OSCAR FOR WHAT HE CALLED "THE PART OF
A
LIFETIME," LANDAU SAID "WHAT A NIGHT, WHAT A LIFE, WHAT A
MOMENT."
EARLIER IN THE EVENING, THE MOMENT CAME FOR DIANNE WIEST -- NAMED
BEST SUPPORTING ACTRESS FOR HER PORTRAYAL OF A FADING BROADWAY
STAGE QUEEN IN THE WOODY ALLEN FARCE "BULLETS OVER
BROADWAY."OSCAR-WINNERS ARE PICKED BY FIVE THOUSAND VOTING
MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN MOTION PICTURE ACADEMY. THE
STAR-STUDDED TELECAST IS BEING SEEN IN MORE THAN 100 COUNTRIES.
(SIGNED)
NEB / DM / WOD
27-Mar-95 10:52 PM EST (0352 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.111usisbel,
DATE=3/27/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176151
TITLE=OSCAR/FIRST AWARD (S-ONLY)
BYLINE=ALAN SILVERMAN
DATELINE=LOS ANGELES
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: A COMEDY PERFORMANCE HAS WON THE FIRST STATUETTE GIVEN
OUT MONDAY NIGHT AT THE 67TH ANNUAL ACADEMY AWARDS. VOA'S ALAN
SILVERMAN REPORTS FROM BACKSTAGE AT THE OSCARS:
TEXT: AFTER A LAUGH-FILLED MONOLOGUE BY PROGRAM HOST DAVID
LETTERMAN, CONFIRMING THE OSCAR SHOW THEME OF "COMEDY AT THE
MOVIES," THE NIGHT'S FIRST OSCAR GOES TO DIANNE WIEST FOR HER
SUPPORTING ROLE IN THE WOODY ALLEN FARCE "BULLETS OVER BROADWAY:"
/// "BULLETS OVER BROADWAY" ACTUALITY ///
"DON'T SPEAK. SILENCE."
/// END ACTUALITY ///
IT'S A SECOND CAREER OSCAR FOR WIEST; SHE WON HER FIRST ACADEMY
AWARD IN 1986 FOR "HANNAH AND HER SISTERS," ANOTHER WOODY ALLEN
COMEDY.
OSCAR WINNERS ARE CHOSEN BY FIVE-THOUSAND VOTING MEMBERS OF THE
MOTION PICTURE ACADEMY: THE ACTORS, DIRECTORS, WRITERS,
PRODUCERS, COMPOSERS AND TECHNICAL EXPERTS WHO MAKE THE MOVIES.
A BILLION PEOPLE IN ONE-HUNDRED COUNTRIES ARE GETTING THE 1995
OSCAR TELECAST. (SIGNED)
NEB/ADS/LWM
27-Mar-95 9:51 PM EST (0251 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.112usisbel,
DATE=3/27/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176154
TITLE=OSCAR/TECHNICAL AWARDS (S-ONLY)
BYLINE=ALAN SILVERMAN
DATELINE=LOS ANGELES
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE AMERICAN MOTION PICTURE ACADEMY IS PRESENTING /
PRESENTED ITS 67TH ANNUAL OSCARS FOR MONDAY NIGHT IN LOS ANGELES.
V-O-A'S ALAN SILVERMAN REPORTS THE AWARDS FOR TECHNICAL
ACHIEVEMENTS HONORED A RANGE OF FILMS:
TEXT: THE OSCAR FOR ART DIRECTION GOES TO "LEGENDS OF THE FALL,"
AN EPIC OF THE AMERICAN FRONTIER SET IN THE BIG SKY COUNTRY OF
MONTANA OVER THE FIRST THREE DECADES OF THE 20TH CENTURY. THE
MODERN THRILLER "SPEED," ABOUT A FRANTIC RACE TO DISARM A BOMB
ON
A SPEEDING BUS, TAKES BEST SOUND EFFECTS EDITING AND BEST SOUND.
THE ACADEMY AWARD FOR COSTUME DESIGN GOES TO "THE ADVENTURES OF
PRISCILLA, QUEEN OF THE DESERT," THE BAWDY AUSTRALIAN TALE OF
TRANSVESTITES ON A CROSS-COUNTRY ODYSSEY.
NOMINATION CHAMP "FORREST GUMP" HAS A PAIR OF OSCARS (SO FAR):
BEST EDITING AND, TO NOBODY'S SURPRISE, BEST VISUAL EFFECTS FOR
THE BITTERSWEET COMEDY THAT PUT ITS HERO OF LIMITED INTELLECT
INTO THE COMPANY OF PRESIDENTS AND, THROUGH AMAZING DIGITAL
EFFECTS, REMOVED THE LEGS OF A MAIN CHARACTER TO MAKE HIM APPEAR
A DOUBLE-AMPUTEE.
SPECIAL TECHNICAL OSCARS GO TO EASTMAN KODAK FOR A REVOLUTIONARY
FILM STOCK AND TO THE DEVELOPERS OF A "BLUE SCREEN" PROCESS TO
SUPERIMPOSE ACTORS INTO ANY SETTING.
ACCLAIMED AS THE FILM WORLD'S TOP HONORS, THE OSCARS ARE PICKED
BY FIVE THOUSAND VOTING MEMBERS OF THE MOTION PICTURE ACADEMY.
THE STAR-STUDDED TELECAST IS BEING SEEN BY A BILLION PEOPLE
AROUND THE WORLD. (SIGNED)
NEB / DM / WOD
27-Mar-95 11:35 PM EST (0435 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.113usisbel,
DATE=3/28/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176185
TITLE=YUGO SITREP (S-UPDATE)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
/// EDS: UPDATES CR 2-176161, WRITETHRU ///
INTRO: THE BOSNIAN ARMY IS CONTINUING ITS OFFENSIVE IN
NORTHEASTERN BOSNIA, BUT BAD WEATHER IS LIMITING THE FIGHTING.
THE BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT HAS AGAIN SAID SERBS MUST ACCEPT THE
PROPOSED PEACE PLAN BEFORE NEGOTIATIONS CAN RESUME ON A FINAL
PEACE AGREEMENT. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM OUR CENTRAL
EUROPEAN BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT AND BOSNIAN SERB FORCES HAVE SHELLED
EACH OTHER'S POSITIONS AROUND AN IMPORTANT SERB COMMUNICATIONS
TOWER IN THE MOUNTAINS NEAR THE GOVERNMENT-HELD TOWN OF TUZLA.
BUT, A UNITED NATIONS SPOKESMAN IN ZAGREB SAYS THERE APPEARS TO
BE VERY LITTLE INFANTRY ACTIVITY, PROBABLY BECAUSE OF A HEAVY
SNOWFALL IN THE TUZLA AREA.
DESPITE INTERNATIONAL CALLS FOR A RETURN TO THE OFFICIAL
CEASEFIRE IN BOSNIA, THE COUNTRY'S MUSLIM PRESIDENT, ALIJA
IZETBEGOVIC, IS IN NO MOOD TO STOP HIS GOVERNMENT'S OFFENSIVE.
IF THE WEST WANTS PEACE IN THE BALKANS, HE SAYS, WE WISH IT LUCK,
BUT IT CANNOT ACHIEVE PEACE AT BOSNIA'S EXPENSE.
MR. IZETBEGOVIC SET TWO CONDITIONS FOR HIS GOVERNMENT TO RETURN
TO THE NEGOTIATING TABLE. HE SAYS BOSNIAN SERBS MUST ACCEPT THE
BIG POWERS' PEACE PLAN, AND YUGOSLAVIA MUST RECOGNIZE
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA.
HE SAYS IF THESE TWO CONDITIONS ARE NOT MET, HE WILL DEMAND THE
END OF THE ARMS EMBARGO AGAINST BOSNIA. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/SKH/JWH
28-Mar-95 10:49 AM EST (1549 UTC)
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voa.114usisbel,
DATE=3/28/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176198
TITLE=U-N / CROATIA (S-ONLY)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE UNITED NATIONS APPEARS LIKELY TO TEMPORARILY EXTEND
ITS CURRENT PEACEKEEPING MANDATE IN CROATIA. THERE ARE SERIOUS
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE CROATIAN GOVERNMENT AND THE REBEL
CROATIAN SERBS OVER A NEW MANDATE. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS
FROM OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: U-N OFFICIALS IN ZAGREB SAY THE U-N PEACEKEEPING MANDATE
IN CROATIA, WHICH EXPIRES ON FRIDAY, WILL PROBABLY HAVE TO BE
EXTENDED FOR BETWEEN ONE AND THREE MONTHS.
THE OFFICIALS SAY THE TEMPORARY EXTENSION IS LIKELY BECAUSE OF
WHAT THEY CALL THE CROATIAN GOVERNMENT'S UNREALISTIC DEMAND
THAT
PEACEKEEPERS CONTROL CROATIA'S BORDERS WITH BOSNIA AND SERBIA.
THE CROATIAN SERBS HAVE SAID THEY WOULD NOT AGREE TO
INTERNATIONAL CONTROL OF THE FRONTIERS. THE SERBS ALSO SAY THE
U-N PROTECTION FORCE MUST RETAIN ITS CURRENT NAME.
THE CROATIAN GOVERNMENT WANTS THE NAME CHANGED BECAUSE IT
IMPLIES
THAT U-N FORCES ARE IN CROATIA TO PROTECT THE SERBS.
IN A RELATED DEVELOPMENT, THE GOVERNMENT HAS CHARGED THAT NINE
HUNDRED YUGOSLAV TROOPS WITH TANKS HAVE ENTERED CROATIAN
SERB-OCCUPIED TERRITORY FROM NEIGHBORING SERBIA.
THE UNITED NATIONS IS INVESTIGATING EVEN THOUGH U-N OFFICIALS DO
NOT THINK THE COMPLAINT IS VALID. BUT U-N OBSERVERS HAVE
NOTICED MILITARY FERRIES CROSSING THE RIVER FRONTIER BETWEEN
SERBIA AND CROATIA. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/SKH/BG
28-Mar-95 1:31 PM EST (1831 UTC)
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voa.115usisbel,
DATE=3/28/95
TYPE=NEWS FEATURE
NUMBER=5-20032
TITLE=IBM LAUNCHES DIGITAL LIBRARY
BYLINE=LEOS ROUSEK
DATELINE=NEW YORK
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
(VOICED BY EDIE SMITH)
INTRO: THE I-B-M COMPUTER COMPANY HAS UNVEILED ITS SOLUTION FOR
MAKING INFORMATION IN ALL ITS FORMS, INCLUDING BOOKS, HISTORIC
DOCUMENTS AND PAINTINGS, AVAILABLE ON COMPUTER NETWORKS AROUND
THE WORLD. VOA'S LEOS ROUSEK REPORTS FROM NEW YORK.
TEXT: I-B-M CALLS ITS NEW PROJECT A "DIGITAL LIBRARY." THE
COMPUTER COMPANY HOPES TO COMBINE ITS CURRENT COMPUTER
EQUIPMENT
AND SERVICES TO CONVERT EVERYTHING FROM FILM TO RARE MANUSCRIPTS
TO THE DIGITAL LANGUAGE OF COMPUTERS.
STEVE MILLS, GENERAL MANAGER OF THE I-B-M SOFTWARE SOLUTION
DIVISION, CALLS THE TRANSFER TO DIGITAL LANGUAGE "CREATE AND
CAPTURE."
/// MILLS ACTUALITY ///
CREATE AND CAPTURE IS ALL ABOUT HOW YOU GET THIS
INFORMATION DIGITIZED FROM THE FORM THAT IT'S IN TODAY.
IT'S SITTING ON FILM, IT'S SITTING ON PAPER, IT MAY BE
SITTING IN VERY FRAGILE MEDIUM. FILM AND PAPER DON'T
LAST FOREVER. THEY HAVE A TENDENCY TO DECAY, FIDELITY
IS LOST AND THERE'S CRITICAL NEED FOR RESTORATION IN A
LOT OF INSTANCES IN ORDER TO BRING BACK THE FULL VALUE
OF SOMETHING.
/// END ACTUALITY ///
I-B-M OFFICIAL STEVE MILLS SAYS HIS COMPANY IS A LEADING PROVIDER
OF SCANNING TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH WHICH PICTURES OR PAGES OF TEXT
ARE CHANGED INTO A DIGITAL FORMAT THAT CAN THEN BE PROCESSED BY
A
COMPUTER. THE VATICAN LIBRARY HAS USED THE I-B-M TECHNOLOGY TO
DIGITIZE SOME OF ITS 150 THOUSAND MANUSCRIPTS. FATHER LEONARD
BOYLE, PREFECT OF THE VATICAN LIBRARY, SAYS THE NEARLY ONE AND
ONE HALF MILLION BOOKS IN THE COLLECTION ARE OF NO USE UNTIL
THEY'RE READ, SO THE VATICAN LIBRARY HAS BEGUN TO MOVE MORE INTO
THE AUTOMATED AREA AND PROVIDE THE INFORMATION THROUGH THE
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION OF TEXTS.
AT A NEWS CONFERENCE ANNOUNCING THE I-B-M DIGITAL LIBRARY,
BERNICE CASEY OF MARIST COLLEGE IN POUGHKEEPSIE (PUH-KIP-SEE),
NEW YORK, DEMONSTRATED HOW THE SCHOOL USES DIGITIZED DOCUMENTS
FROM THE FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT LIBRARY IN A COURSE ON THE
HISTORY OF WORLD WAR TWO.
/// CASEY ACTUALITY ///
WHAT WE'RE USING IS ARCHIVAL MATERIALS FROM THE F-D-R
LIBRARY MUSEUM IN HYDE PARK. SO FOR INSTANCE, IN THIS
CASE YOU'RE A STUDENT OF THIS COURSE AND YOU CAN SEE THE
STUDY MATERIALS THAT THE PROFESSOR HAS SET ASIDE FOR YOU
AND NOW YOU CAN SEE WEEK BY WEEK WHAT ALL OF YOUR
ASSIGNMENTS ARE. YOU SEE THERE'S A LINK HERE. IF I
CLICK ON 'POLAND,' WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN NOW IS WE'LL
BRING UP FOOTAGE (FILM) FROM THE F-D-R LIBRARY, A
NEWSREEL THAT WAS DONE AT THE TIME OF THE ATTACK ON
POLAND. THERE'S THE VIDEO WINDOW .. AND IF I CLICK HERE:
(NEWSREEL ACTUALITY): 'ON SEPTEMBER 1ST, 1939, THE NAZI
ARMY SMASHED INTO POLAND ...'"
/// END ACTUALITY ///
MRS. CASEY SAYS MARIST COLLEGE HOPES TO HAVE ALL OF ITS
FACILITIES AND DORMITORIES WIRED TO PROVIDE CONNECTIONS TO THE
FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT LIBRARY, ALLOWING STUDENTS TO RETRIEVE
FILMS OR TEXT DOCUMENTS USING THEIR OWN COMPUTERS.
I-B-M OFFICIALS SAY ITS DIGITAL LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY IS ALSO BEING
USED BY THE ARCHIVO GENERAL DE INDIAS IN SPAIN AND THE LOS
ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, PUBLIC LIBRARY. THEY DESCRIBE THE DIGITAL
LIBRARY AS A MULTI-BILLION DOLLAR OPPORTUNITY FOR THE COMPANY IN
THE 1990'S.
NY/LR/LSF/LWM
28-Mar-95 5:11 PM EST (2211 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.116usisbel,
DATE=3/28/95
TYPE=COMPUTER SERIES #95-362
NUMBER=3-21409
TITLE="SURFING THE INTERNET (L)
BYLINE=DAN NOBLE
TELEPHONE=619-1014
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=KLEINFELDT
CONTENT=
(INSERTS AVAILABLE FROM AUDIO SERVICES)
INTRO: THE VAST COMPUTER NETWORK, KNOWN AS THE INTERNET, ONCE
JUST LINKED TOGETHER SCIENTISTS, ENGINEERS AND MEMBERS
OF THE ACADEMIC COMMUNITY. TODAY, IT IS AVAILABLE TO
JUST ABOUT ANYONE WHO HAS A PERSONAL COMPUTER AND A
MODEM CONNECTION TO A TELEPHONE LINE. AS DAN NOBLE
REPORTS, THE ELECTRONIC SUPERHIGHWAY HAS SPAWNED A WHOLE
NEW LANGUAGE AND CULTURE.
TEXT: OVER THE YEARS, THE INTERNET HAS BECOME A MEETING PLACE
FOR MILLIONS OF PEOPLE. THERE ARE ELECTRONIC MAGAZINES,
DISCUSSION GROUPS, AND ELECTRONIC -- OR E-MAIL -- THAT
CAN BE SENT TO ANY NUMBER OF OTHER COMPUTER USERS. J.C.
HERZ HAS SPENT THREE YEARS STUDYING SOME OF THE MORE
INTENSE USERS OF HIGH-TECHNOLOGY. THE SELF-DESCRIBED
POP ANTHROPOLOGIST SAYS THAT THERE ARE A GROWING NUMBER
OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE BECOME -- WHAT SHE CALLS --
"NETHEADS."
TAPE: CUT ONE -- J.C. HERZ (0:12)
"I THINK JUST SOMEONE WHO SPENDS EITHER A LOT OF TIME
ONLINE, OR CAN'T SEEM TO GET THEMSELVES OF THE COMPUTER,
SORT OF THE COMPULSIVE CHECKING OF E-MAIL BOXES, THAT
KIND OF THING."
TEXT: J.C HERZ IS AUTHOR OF "SURFING THE INTERNET: A NETHEAD'S
ADVENTURES." SHE NOTES THAT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO
GENERALIZE ABOUT INTERNET USERS. THEY DON'T REALLY FIT A
PARTICULAR CATAGORY.
TAPE: CUT TWO -- J.C. HERZ (0:27)
"THAT'S THE THING. WE HAVE THE STEREOTYPE OF THE
COMPUTER GEEK BEHIND THE SCREEN, LOOKING AND BURYING
HIMSELF IN IT. BUT IT HAS REALLY GONE SO MAINSTREAM
NOW, WITH EVERYONE GETTING ONLINE SERVICES. IT'S WEIRD,
BUT MORE WOMEN ARE GETTING ONLINE. THERE ARE STILL THE
TEENAGE HACKERS THERE, BUT IT IS GETTING SO MUCH MORE
MAINSTREAM. SO, YOU DON'T KNOW WHO YOU ARE TALKING TO.
IT COULD BE SOME TEENAGE CHEERLEADER BEHIND THE SCREEN
AT THE OTHER END."
TEXT: ACCORDING TO J.C HERZ, THE EVOLVING INTERNET PARALLELS
SOMETHING ELSE IN RECENT AMERICAN HISTORY.
TAPE: CUT THREE -- J.C. HERZ (0:08)
"IN A WAY, ITS LIKE AMERICA. YOU HAVE THESE CONSTANT
WAVES OF IMMIGRANTS AND INITIALLY THEY ARE NOT TOO WELL
ACCEPTED. BUT THEN, GRADUALLY, THEY MELT IN."
TEXT: AND, THERE'S BEEN A DISTINCT CULTURE. ELECTRONIC MAIL
USERS HAVE COME TO USE CERTAIN SHORTCUTS AS THEY
COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER. AUTHOR J.C. HERZ EXPLAINS
ABBREVIATIONS LIKE B-R-B.
TAPE: CUT FOUR -- J.C. HERZ (0:05)
"BE RIGHT BACK. THAT'S LIKE IF YOU HAVE TO GO GET
COFFEE OR CEREAL OR SOMETHING."
TEXT: ...AND L-O-L:
TAPE: CUT FIVE -- J.C. HERZ (0:06)
"LAUGHING OUT LOUD. THAT'S WHEN YOU SEE SOMETHING
REALLY FUNNY AND YOU SIGNAL TO SOMEONE THAT ITS FUNNY
AND YOU'RE LAUGHING."
TEXT: DESPITE THE FACT THAT THE INTERNET IS NOW BEING USED BY
THE MAINSTREAM, J.C. HERZ SAYS THAT THERE IS STILL ROOM
FOR SUBCULTURES, THE SO-CALLED UNDERGROUND.
TAPE: CUT SIX -- J.C. HERZ (0:11)
"WELL, THAT'S THE GREAT THING ABOUT THE NET. EVEN IF
PEOPLE INVADE IT, THERE IS ALWAYS SOMEPLACE ELSE TO GO
BECAUSE IT IS NOT LIKE THE PHYSICAL SPACE YOU'RE KICKED
OUT OF. THERE IS ALWAYS SOME CORNER OF THE NET THAT
WILL BE UNDERGROUND."
TEXT: J.C. HERZ, AUTHOR OF "SURFING THE INTERNET: A NETHEAD'S
ADVENTURES."
(ACTUALITIES FROM NBC)
28-Mar-95 4:57 PM EST (2157 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.117usisbel,
DATE=3/29/95
TYPE=REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK
NUMBER=4-08217
TITLE=VIEWS FROM SARAJEVO, KOSICE & TIRANA
BYLINE=DOUGLAS ROBERTS/BARRY WOOD/WAYNE COREY
TELEPHONE=619-1101
DATELINE=GENEVA/PRAGUE/VIENNA
EDITOR=PAMELA TAYLOR/PHIL HAYNES
CONTENT= // INSERTS AVAILABLE FROM TAPE LIBRARY ///
CART: THEME ESTABLISH THEN UNDER
HOST: WELCOME TO REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK, A WEEKLY MAGAZINE SHOW
FEATURING REPORTS BY, OR CONVERSATIONS WITH, VOA
CORRESPONDENTS AROUND THE GLOBE ABOUT THEIR EXPERIENCES
IN THE FIELD.
CART: THEME UP FULL AND UNDER
HOST: I'M YOUR HOST, PAMELA TAYLOR. THIS WEEK WE GO TO CENTRAL
AND EAST EUROPE. DOUGLAS ROBERTS HAS JUST RETURNED FROM
A VISIT TO THE BOSNIAN CAPITAL OF SARAJEVO -- A CITY
LONGING FOR PEACE BUT STILL PREPARED FOR WAR. BARRY
WOOD THEN TAKES US INSIDE AN OLD SOVIET-BUILT STEEL
WORKS IN EASTERN SLOVAKIA FOR A LOOK AT HOW WORKERS
THERE ARE ADJUSTING TO THE PROCESS OF TRANSITION FROM
STATE CONTROL TO PRIVATIZATION. AND FINALLY, WE WILL
HAVE A REPORT FROM CORRESPONDENT WAYNE COREY ABOUT HIS
RECENT EXPERIENCES IN TIRANA, THE CAPITAL OF ALBANIA, A
PLACE RARELY VISITED BY OUTSIDERS BEFORE THE FALL OF
COMMUNISM.
HOST: FIRST WE GO TO DOUG ROBERTS IN GENEVA, WHO SAYS WERE IT
NOT FOR AN ON-AGAIN, OFF-AGAIN U-N AIRLIFT, SARAJEVO
WOULD BE EFFECTIVELY CUT OFF FROM THE OUTSIDE WORLD.
INSTEAD, HE FOUND THAT THE BOSNIAN TRUCE NEGOTIATED BY
FORMER U-S PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER EARLIER THIS YEAR HAS
BROUGHT A SEMBLANCE OF NORMALCY:
TEXT: THEY CALL IT "MAYBE AIRLINES", THE ERRATICALLY SCHEDULED
U-N FLIGHTS TO SARAJEVO AND OTHER BALKAN CAPITALS. THE
NAME SEEMS APPROPRIATE--MAYBE YOU'LL LEAVE ON TIME, BUT
MAYBE YOU WON'T. MAYBE, YOU WON'T LEAVE AT ALL. AND
YOU MAY WELL BE GLAD YOU DIDN'T, ESPECIALLY IF SOME
ANONYMOUS GUNMAN IN SARAJEVO HAS AGAIN DECIDED TO TAKE
POT SHOTS AT U-N PLANES. IT HAS HAPPENED MANY TIMES
BEFORE AND DOUBTLESS WILL AGAIN. BUT THE MEN AND WOMEN
OF THE U-N PROTECTION FORCE SEEM TO TAKE IT ALL IN
STRIDE.
T-SHIRTS AND BASEBALL CAPS WITH THE SLOGAN "MAYBE
AIRLINES" ARE ON SALE IN WHAT PASSES FOR THE DEPARTURE
LOUNGE AT THE U-N AIRBASE JUST OUTSIDE THE CROATIAN
CAPITAL, ZAGREB . THE LOUNGE IS A LARGE TENT, WITH A
FEW WOODEN BENCHES AND A SMALL SNACK BAR. THERE IS NO
ONE TO TAKE YOUR TICKETS. THERE ARE NO TICKETS. THE
ONLY REQUIREMENT FOR SARAJEVO-BOUND PASSENGERS IS A
HELMET AND A FLAK JACKET.
IT WAS MID-AFTERNOON BY THE TIME WE REACHED SARAJEVO.
THE AIRPORT PERIMETER IS PROTECTED BY HUGE MOUNDS OF
EARTH, AND THE CONTROL TOWER AND OTHER BUILDINGS SEEMED
RELATIVELY IN TACT. BUT THE WRECK OF A CARGO PLANE SITS
AT ONE END OF THE TARMAC. OH, THAT WAS THE WHISKEY
FLIGHT, EXPLAINED ONE OF MY CO-PASSENGERS; BRINGING IN
SUPPLIES, INCLUDING SCOTCH, FOR THE PEACEKEEPERS WHEN IT
SKIDDED OFF THE RUNWAY IN A SNOWSTORM. YOU SHOULD HAVE
SEEN ALL THE BRAVE VOLUNTEERS - HE QUIPPED - RACING OUT
TO HELP OFF-LOAD THE PRECIOUS CARGO.
THE U-N RUNS A SHUTTLE SERVICE FROM THE AIRPORT INTO THE
CITY. AN ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIER RATHER THAN A BUS
SNAKED THROUGH A SUBURBAN BATTLEGROUND KNOWN AS
DOBRINJA, AND INTO THE HEART OF SARAJEVO. FROM U-N
HEADQUARTERS AT THE MAIN POST OFFICE, IT WAS ONLY A FEW
MINUTES RIDE ALONG A BROAD AVENUE TO MY HOTEL. LIKE
ALMOST EVERYWHERE IN SARAJEVO, THERE ARE VIRTUALLY NO
WINDOWPANES IN THE HOTEL ROOMS. STRIPS OF PLASTIC
SHEETING EMBLAZONED WITH THE LOGO OF THE U-N REFUGEE
AGENCY HAVE REPLACED THE GLASS PANES, LONG SINCE
SHATTERED.
TAPE: CUT # 1 SARAJEVO MARKETPLACE (UP FOR :05 & UNDER
AND OPEN UP AT *) RUNS [:27]
TEXT: THE OPEN-AIR MARKET IN THE HEART OF SARAJEVO'S OLD
QUARTER. [PAUSE*] IT WAS A SCENE OF CARNAGE AND HORROR
JUST A YEAR AGO WHEN A SUDDEN SERB SHELLING ATTACK LEFT
DOZENS DEAD AND WOUNDED. THE BLOODSTAINS HAVE LONG
SINCE WASHED AWAY, LIKE SO MANY OTHERS IN THIS
BELEAGUERED CITY. THE WOODEN STALLS HAVE BEEN REPAIRED
OR REPLACED; AND THE MARKET IS OPEN AND FUNCTIONING
AGAIN. THERE WAS HARDLY A CORNUCOPIA OF GOODS ON
DISPLAY. FRESH VEGETABLES WERE CONSPICUOUSLY ABSENT.
THE VICTORY GARDENS THAT SEEMED TO DOT VIRTUALLY EVERY
SPARE PATCH OF GROUND IN THE CITY WILL PROVIDE LETTUCE
AND CABBAGE, CARROTS, TOMATOES AND EVEN SOME PEPPERS IN
THE SPRING AND SUMMER. BUT IN THE WINTER MONTHS,
POTATOS, ONIONS AND A FEW MUSHROOMS SEEMED THE ONLY
VEGETABLES AVAILABLE. THERE WAS PLENTY OF MEAT, AS WELL
AS EGGS, CANNED GOODS, EVEN NUTS. AND HAWKERS OFFERED
BOTTLES OF WINE AND BRANDY. PRICES WERE HIGH, AND THE
GERMAN DEUTSCHE-MARK WAS THE ONLY CURRENCY CHANGING
HANDS. THE BOSNIAN DINAR IS VIRTUALLY VALUELESS,
ACCEPTED ONLY TO PURCHASE BREAD AND NEWSPAPERS.
SARAJEVANS SOMEHOW MANAGE TO GET BY, BUT IT WAS
DIFFICULT TO SEE HOW.
EQUALLY MYSTERIOUS IN A CITY UNDER SEIGE WAS WHERE THE
GOODS IN THE MARKETPLACE COME FROM? MY DRIVER, HUSSEIN
HADZOVIC, PROVIDEED AN ANECDOTAL EXPLANATION, POINTING
TO THE DRINKS ON A TABLE IN ONE OF SARAJEVO'S MANY
CAFES. THAT GLASS OF MILK, HE SAID --- THAT'S
HUMANITARIAN AID. THE CAN OF ORANGE SODA HAD FRENCH
MARKINGS, MEANING IT WAS SMUGGLED OUT OF A U-N WAREHOUSE
TO BE SOLD ON THE BLACK MARKET. AND THE COLA? BOTTLED
IN CROATIA SAID HUSSEIN, SO IT MUST HAVE COME IN ON THE
BLUE ROUTE OR MAYBE THROUGH THE TUNNEL.
THE BLUE ROUTE IS THE U-N CONTROLLED ROAD WHICH RUNS
ACROSS THE TARMAC OF SARAJEVO AIRPORT, LINKING THE
CAPITAL WITH GOVERNMENT-HELD TERRITORY A FEW KILOMETERS
TO THE SOUTHEAST. SERB COMMANDERS AGREED TO LET
SARAJEVANS USE THE BLUE ROUTE AS PART OF THE NEW YEAR'S
TRUCE ACCORD. AND MORE THAN 100-THOUSAND TOOK ADVANTAGE
OF THE OPPORTUNITY IN FEBRUARY ALONE. IT IS NOT BIG
ENOUGH FOR VEHICLES, BUT A SYSTEM OF RAILS AND PUSH
CARTS ALLOWS EACH PERSON WHO PASSES THROUGH TO BRING IN
A SMALL AMOUNT OF SUPPLIES. THE BOSNIAN ARMY HAS A
MONOPOLY ON TRAFFIC THROUGH THE TUNNEL. IT IS SAID TO
BE A MAJOR MONEY EARNER. OFF-DUTY SOLDIERS ARE ALLOWED
TO PASS THROUGH IT, AND BRING BACK GOODS TO BE SOLD IN
THE MARKET.
SARAJEVO'S MAYOR, TARIQ KUPUSOVIC, DIDN'T WANT TO TALK
ABOUT THE TUNNEL'S OTHER FUNCTIONS -- THE FACT THAT AN
ELECTRICITY CABLE AND A DIESAL FUEL LINE NOW PASS
THROUGH IT, EASING THE GOVERNMENT'S RELIANCE ON
RESOURCES THAT REMAIN IN SERB HANDS. THE MAYOR'S
RELUCTANCE STEMMED FROM THE BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT'S STRONG
COMMITMENT TO AN ETERNALLY UNITED SARAJEVO. ANYTHING
THAT HINTS AT A PERMANENT DIVISION OF THE CITY, SAY
GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, ONLY PLAYS INTO SERB HANDS. BUT
THE FACT REMAINS THAT FOR THE FIRST TIME IN YEARS, EVERY
SARAJEVO HOUSEHOLD HAS ELECTRIC POWER. THE SUPPLY IS
STRICTLY LIMITED, JUST ENOUGH FOR A FEW LIGHT BULBS AND
A TELEVISION SET. ANYONE WHO EXCEEDS THE QUOTA FACES AN
INSTANT CUT-OFF. BUT FOR SARAJEVANS ACCUSTOMED TO
MONTHS OF NOTHING BUT CANDLE LIGHT, IT IS A MAJOR STEP
IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION.
TAPE: CUT # 3 SOUND OF SCHOOL (UP FOR :05 AND UNDER TO *)
RUNS [:11]
TEXT: SCHOOLS WERE OPEN AGAIN -- AFTER AN EXTENDED WINTER
BREAK WHEN POWER SUPPLIES WERE NOT SUFFICIENT TO KEEP
THE BUILDINGS HEATED. WE HAD TO SEND THE CHILDREN HOME
SAID PRINCIPAL VJEKOSLAV BREZAR, BECAUSE THEIR FINGERS
WERE STIFF WITH COLD. BUT THIS SARAJEVO WINTER WAS
COMPARATIVELY MILD AND BRIEF, AND NINE YEAR OLD AVDIA,
FOR ONE, WAS HAPPY TO BE BACK IN CLASS. HE EXCELS AT
MATH AND ART BUT LIKE BOYS AROUND THE WORLD, HIS MAIN
AMBITION IS TO BE A FOOTBALL (SOCCER) STAR. AVDIA ISN'T
THE ONLY ORPHAN AT THE MALTA SCHOOL. AND MANY OF THE
PUPILS ARE CHILDREN OF REFUGEES WHO HAVE FLED TO THE
CAPITAL FROM OTHER PARTS OF THE COUNTRY. THERE ARE
MUSLIM, CROAT AND SERB CHILDREN AT THE MALTA SCHOOL.
TAPE: CUT # 6 -MUSIC FROM INDEPENDENCE CEREMONY (UP IN
FULL AND UNDER) RUNS :41
TEXT: BOSNIA'S UNOFFICIAL NATIONAL ANTHEM (AT) AN INDEPENDENCE
DAY CEREMONY AT A DOWNTOWN CONCERT HALL. IT WAS THE
FIRST TIME THE EVENT WAS COMMEMORATED HERE. BOSNIA'S
MUSLIM CHIEF OF STATE, ALIJA IZETBEGOVIC, WAS THE MAIN
SPEAKER. BUT SERB AND CROAT MEMBERS OF THE COUNTRY'S
COLLECTIVE PRESIDENCY WERE ALSO IN ATTENDANCE.
RUSMIRA HADZIMULIC, A MUSLIM WOMAN IN HER 50'S SPENT THE
HOLIDAY IN HER SMALL BUT COMFORTABLE APARTMENT IN THE
HEART OF SARAJEVO'S OLD QUARTER. SHE, TOO, BELIEVES
BOSNIA'S MUSLIMS, CROATS AND SERBS MUST LEARN TO LIVE
TOGETHER AGAIN. OUT NEIGHBORS ARE SERBS, SHE SAID AND
WE HELPED EACH OTHER THROUGH THESE TERRIBLE TIMES. BUT
IF SARAJEVO'S MUSLIMS DISPLAY WARMTH AND AFFECTION FOR
THE SERBS AND CROATS WHO HAVE SHARED THEIR ORDEALS
DURING THE THREE YEARS OF WAR, THEY HAVE NOTHING BUT
SCORN FOR WHAT THEY CALL THE "CHETNIKS IN THE
MOUNTAINS", THE SERB GUNNERS WHO HAVE POUNDED SARAJEVO
RELENTLESSLY FROM THE HILLS THAT RING THE CITY. WHEN
THE WAR IS OVER, SAID RUSMIRA WE WILL WELCOME THE SERBS
BACK, EXCEPT FOR THOSE WHO HAVE BLOODIED THEIR HANDS IN
THE CONFLICT. BUT AS I LEFT SARAJEVO, THERE WAS NO SIGN
THAT THE WAR WILL END ANYTIME SOON. SNIPERS WERE BACK IN
ACTION ON BOTH SIDES OF THE FRONT.
CART: BRIDGE THEME UP AND UNDER
HOST: THAT WAS VOA'S DOUGLAS ROBERTS ON HIS RECENT VISIT TO
SARAJEVO. NEXT WE GO TO CORRESPONDENT BARRY WOOD, WHO
SAYS A HUGE FACTORY IN KOSICE IN THE GREEN HILLS OF EAST
SLOVAKIA IS A VIVID REMINDER OF WHAT SOVIET CENTRAL
PLANNING ON A GRAND SCALE LOOKS LIKE. BUT HE SAYS
CLOSER EXAMINATION REVEALS A REMARKABLY SUCCESSFUL
EXAMPLE OF THE TRANSITION TO A FREE MARKET ENTERPRISE:
TAPE: CUT # 1 SOUND OF A BLAST FURNACE (UP AND UNDER)
RUNS [:32]
TEXT: WHEN I ARRIVED AT THE EAST SLOVAK IRON COMPLEX IN
KOSICE, THE SKY HAD TAKEN ON A RED GLOW FROM THE FIRE OF
THE BLAST FURNACES. SMOKE FROM THE BLAST FURNACES
BELCHED FORTH FROM COAL, IRON AND ROCK COMING TOGETHER
TO MAKE STEEL:
TAPE: CUT # 2 SOUND OF A BLAST FURNACE (UP FULL & UNDER)
RUNS [:22]
TEXT: IT'S CALLED V-S-Z, OR -- VEH SHEH ZEH -- IN SLOVAK --
FOR EAST SLOVAK IRON WORKS. WITH 25 THOUSAND EMPLOYEES
IS THE BIGGEST EMPLOYER IN THIS PART OF CENTRAL EUROPE.
BUT THE SURPRISE IS THE NEWLY PRIVATIZED PLANT IS MODERN
AND PROFITABLE AND ACCOUNTS FOR ABOUT 25 PERCENT OF
SLOVAKIA'S TOTAL EXPORT EARNINGS. I TALKED WITH STEFAN
LINK, A PHYSICIST BY TRAINING WHO HAS WORKED FOR V-S-Z
FOR 33 OF HIS 57 YEARS. IN HIS CRAMPED OFFICE IN THE
CENTER OF THE COMPLEX, HE EXPLAINED THE DECISION WAS
MADE TO PLACE A HUGE METALLURGICAL COMPLEX IN KOSICE IN
1959 BECAUSE OF THE TOWN'S UNIQUE LOCATION:
TAPE: CUT # 3 LINK ACK RUNS [:50]
"IT IS ABOUT 20 KILOMETERS TO THE HUNGARIAN BORDER,
ABOUT 80 TO UKRAINE AND ABOUT THE SAME DISTANCE TO
POLAND. AND AS YOU KNOW, THE THE TRACK GUAGE IN RUSSIA
IS DIFFERENT (WIDER) THAN IT IS IN EUROPE. SO ANOTHER
DECISION WAS MADE, AND THAT WAS, TO BUILD A WIDE TRACK
GUAGE LEADING DIRECTLY TO THE YARD AT OUR COMPANY. ONE
OF THE REASONS THE PLANT WAS BUILT HERE IN THE EASTERN
PART OF FORMER CZECHOSLOVAKIA WAS THAT AT A DISTANCE OF
ABOUT 1100 KILOMETERS ARE HUGE DEPOSITS OF IRON ORE. SO,
COMPARATIVELY EASILY, THOSE DEPOSITS OF IRON ORE IS
TRANSPORTED DIRECTLY HERE."
TEXT: HE THEN TOOK ME TO THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE COMPLEX, A
GOOD TEN MINUTES AWAY WHERE A SINGLE WIDE-GUAGE SOVIET
TRACK STRETCHED OFF THROUGH THE ROLLING FARMLAND TOWARDS
THE UKRAINE BORDER. ON THAT LATE WINTER MORNING THERE
WERE NO TRAINS. WE PARKED AND WALKED TOWARDS THE RAIL
TERMINAL WHERE A LONE HOPPER CAR IS FILLED WITH
UKRAINIAN ORE.
TAPE: CUT # 4 LINK/WOOD RUNS [:46]
"(LINK) SO LET'S GO AND HAVE A LOOK. (WOOD) SO THIS
WOULD BE BRINGING THE ORE FROM? (LINK) FROM KRIVOG ROG
IN UKRAINE. THE WAGON IS PULLED HERE INTO THIS ROTARY
SKIPPER. THERE IS A SPECIAL FIXTURE. YOU CAN SEE THE
WHEELS ARE LOCKED. AND THIS WHOLE EQUIPMENT IS TURNING
AROUND SO THE IRON ORE PELLETS FALL DOWN INTO THE BELT
CONVEYERS. SO IT IS TRANSPORTED IN THIS WAY FOR FURTHER
PROCESSING."
TEXT: EVEN THOUGH THIS PLANT IS RELATIVELY MODERN, THE WORK IS
STILL HARD AND HOT. THE ROLLING MILL IS OVER A KILOMETER
LONG AND MR. LINK AND I WALK FROM ONE END TO THE OTHER.
TAPE: CUT # 6 BLAST FURNACE SOUND RUNS [:40]
TEXT: AS I LEFT THE V-S-Z PLANT I COULDN'T HELP REFLECTING
ON REVERSAL OF FORTUNES FOR THE STEEL WORKERS IN WESTERN
EUROPE AND AMERICA WHO ARE THREATENED BY THIS NEW
COMPETITION FROM THE EAST. PLANTS LIKE V-S-Z WHICH ARE
MAKING A SUCCESSFUL TRANSITION, OFFERING STIFF
COMPETITION TO STEEL WORKERS AND THE COMPANIES WHICH
EMPLOY THEM IN WESTERN EUROPE AND ELSEWHERE. I LEARNED
THAT THE STEEL WORKERS AT THIS PLANT ARE THE MOST HIGHLY
PAID IN SLOVAKIA, EARNING 350 DOLLARS PER MONTH. THOSE
WAGES--HIGH FOR THE EAST--ARE A TENTH OF THE CHEAPEST
COMPETITIVE WAGE IN WESTERN EUROPE. THIS MEANS THAT
SLOVAK STEEL, ALL OF WHICH IS MADE IN MODERN CONTINUOUS
CASTERS, IS OF HIGH QUALITY AND FETCHES A HUGELY
ADVANTAGEOUS PRICE ON WESTERN MARKETS.
CART: BRIDGE THEME UP IN FULL AND UNDER
HOST: THAT WAS CORRESPONDENT BARRY WOOD TELLING US ABOUT A
RECENT VISIT HE MADE TO A STEEL PLANT IN EAST SLOVAKIA
WHICH IS MAKING A SUCCESSFUL TRANSITION FROM CENTRAL
STATE CONTROL TO PRIVATIZATION. FINALLY, WE GO TO WAYNE
COREY IN VIENNA WHO HAS JUST RETURNED FROM A TRIP TO
TIRANA, THE CAPITAL OF ALBANIA, ONCE EUROPE'S MOST RIGID
ORTHODOX COMMUNIST STATE. IT IS A COUNTRY FEW WESTERN
VISITORS HAVE SEEN:
TEXT: IT MAY OR MAY NOT BE TRUE THAT IN ALBANIA THE MORE
THINGS CHANGE, THE MORE THEY REMAIN THE SAME. BUT, SOME
OF THE MOST VISIBLE SYMBOLS OF DECADES OF COMMUNIST RULE
ARE STILL EVIDENT. ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUNS NEAR THE AIRPORT
AND CONCRETE MILITARY BUNKERS AROUND THE AIRPORT AND IN
THE FIELDS ALONG THE ROAD LEADING INTO TIRANA ARE EERIE
REMINDERS OF THE BIZARRE PARANOIA THAT GRIPPED THIS
COUNTRY'S COMMUNIST LEADERS.
BUT, THE ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUNS ARE NOT MANNED NOW, AND
THE CONCRETE BUNKERS ARE EMPTY. THE ONLY MILITARY
PRESENCE TO BE SEEN IS A FEW ALBANIAN SOLDIERS IN
UNIFORM WALKING ALONG THE STREETS OF TIRANA AND AN
OCCASIONAL, AGING CHINESE OR SOVIET-MADE MILITARY TRUCK.
WHILE THE ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUNS AND THE CONCRETE BUNKERS
STILL GREET VISITORS, SO DOES THE SIGHT OF AN AMERICAN
CAR RENTAL COMPANY, A COCA COLA SIGN AND A SIGN
ADVERTISING AN AMERICAN EXPRESS TRAVEL OFFICE.
TAPE: CUT # 1 TIRANA STREET NOISE RUNS [:12]
TEXT: THERE HAS BEEN A BIG INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF CARS IN
TIRANA. IT'S TYPICAL OF THE AMBIGUOUS REALITY OF LIFE
HERE, THOUGH, THAT HORSE-DRAWN CARTS LINE UP WITH CARS,
TRUCKS AND MASSIVELY OVERCROWDED BUSES AT RED LIGHTS IN
THIS DUSTY, SHABBY CITY. A MODERN NEW HOTEL IS EXPECTED
TO OPEN FOR BUSINESS SOON ON SKANDERBERG SQUARE. THE
HOTEL IS A GLEAMING, GLASS-FRONTED CONTRAST TO THE
ARCHITECTUALLY-TASTELESS COMMUNIST-STYLE PALACE OF
CULTURE WHERE AN ALBANIAN CAST PERFORMS ONE OF VERDI'S
OPERAS, RIGOLETTO.
AS A FORMER COLONIAL POWER, ITALY RETAINS A STRONG
CULTURAL INFLUENCE HERE. SATELLITE TELEVISION DISHES,
STICKING UP FROM SQUALID APARTMENT BUILDINGS, ENABLE
THEIR OWNERS TO WATCH ITALIAN FOOTBALL (SOCCER).
ITALIAN-STYLE COFFEE BARS ARE POPULAR, AND THERE ARE
FRENCH, GERMAN AND CHINESE RESTAURANTS. AN
ALBANIAN-AMERICAN COUPLE OWNS WHAT MANY PEOPLE CONSIDER
TIRANA'S BEST RESTAURANT.
TAPE: CUT # 2 LIVE RESTAURANT MUSIC RUNS [:18]
TEXT: THE PIAZZA RESTAURANT OFFERS ITS WELL-DRESSED CLIENTS
GOOD ITALIAN FOOD AND EXCELLENT ITALIAN WINE IN A CLEAN,
MODERN AND COMFORTABLE ATMOSPHERE. IT'S THE ONLY
RESTAURANT FOR WHICH RESERVATIONS ARE RECOMMENDED. THE
OWNERS LIVE IN THE UNITED STATES. THEIR DAUGHTER
MANAGES THE RESTAURANT.
SHE TOLD ME IT TOOK A LOT OF PATIENCE IN DEALING WITH
ALBANIAN GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES TO GET THE RESTAURANT
GOING A YEAR AGO. SHE SAID HER PARENTS' BUSINESS IS NOW
DOING VERY WELL. FOR THE SAKE OF COMPARISON, I HAD
DINNER THE FOLLOWING NIGHT IN THE RESTAURANT OF TIRANA'S
MAIN HOTEL. THE HOTEL IS A BATTERED, OLD, COMMUNIST
RELIC THAT IS GOING TO BE RENOVATED. IT OUGHT TO BE
PRESERVED AS A KIND OF MONUMENT TO HUMAN FOLLY. AFTER
COMPLETING THE UNAPPETIZING MAIN COURSE, I ORDERED AN
ICE CREAM DISH FOR DESSERT. IT WAS LISTED ON THE MENU,
BUT THE WAITRESS SAID "NO, WE DON'T HAVE IT." [ OPT ]
I TRIED AGAIN. "WELL, HOW ABOUT THE ICE CREAM CAKE
THEN?" NO, IT SEEMED THE RESTAURANT DID NOT HAVE
THAT, EITHER. AFTER LOOKING AT THE MENU ONCE MORE, I
POINTED TO A TORTE THAT WAS LISTED AND TOLD THE WAITRESS
I WOULD LIKE THAT. THE WAITRESS WAS, AT LEAST,
SYMPATHETIC, WHEN SHE REPLIED THAT THERE WERE NO MORE
TORTES. [ END OPT ] IN FACT, SHE SAID, THERE WAS
REALLY NOTHING FOR DESSERT AT ALL. SO, THE HOTEL LOST
AN OPPORTUNITY TO MAKE SOME MONEY. I DOUBTED WHETHER
THE COMMUNIST-ERA MANAGEMENT OF THE HOTEL HAS BEEN
REPLACED.
BUT, MANY ALBANIANS ARE CLEARLY IMPATIENT TO MAKE MONEY
FAST, NOT JUST THE YOUNG CHILDREN WHO BEG ON THE
STREETS. I REALIZED THIS AS SOON AS I WALKED INTO THE
AIRPORT'S ARRIVAL SECTION. A YOUNG MAN, WITH WHAT
APPEARED TO BE A SPECIAL PASS, WALKED UP TO ME AND ASKED
IF I NEEDED A TAXI RIDE INTO TIRANA. I SAID YES. AFTER
WE AGREED ON THE FARE, THE ALBANIAN OFFERED TO SPEED ME
PAST ALL THE OTHER PEOPLE WAITING IN A LONG LINE FOR
CUSTOMS AND IMMIGRATION CHECKS. I PROTESTED THAT IT
WOULD NOT BE RIGHT TO CUT IN FRONT OF ALL THOSE
PEOPLE. THIS DID NOT GO DOWN WELL WITH MY NEW
ALBANIAN FRIEND. HE MUTTERED ONE WORD -- AMERICANS --
AS HE SHOOK HIS HEAD IN OBVIOUS, THOUGH GOOD-NATURED,
DISAPPROVAL OF MY DESIRE TO BE POLITE.
CART: THEME MUSIC UP TO FILL
HOST: YOU HAVE BEEN LISTENING TO REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK, A WEEKLY
PROGRAM FEATURING ONE OR MORE FIRST-HAND ACCOUNTS BY VOA
REPORTERS WHO TAKE US BEHIND THE SCENES OF COVERING THE
NEWS IN THEIR PART OF THE WORLD. I'M YOUR HOST, PAMELA
TAYLOR. TODAY'S PROGRAM WAS PRODUCED BY BOB DOUGHTY AND
DIRECTED BY FELICIA BUTLER.
PROMO: NEXT WEEK ON REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK, WE WILL HEAR FROM DOUG
BAKSHIAN ON HIS RECENT TRAVELS THROUGH FOUR CENTRAL
ASIAN REPUBLICS.
NEB/PAM/PCH
29-Mar-95 4:03 PM EST (2103 UTC)
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voa.118usisbel,
DATE=3/29/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176266
TITLE=ALBANIAN DEMONSTRATION (L-ONLY)
BYLINE=JIM MALONE
DATELINE=SENATE
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: SEVERAL HUNDRED ETHNIC ALBANIANS MARCHED FROM THE WHITE
HOUSE TO CAPITOL HILL HERE IN WASHINGTON WEDNESDAY, DEMANDING
INDEPENDENCE FOR THE FORMERLY AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF KOSOVO IN
THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. V-O-A CORRESPONDENT JIM MALONE HAS A
REPORT.
TEXT:
/// OPENS WITH ACT OF CHANTING DEMONSTRATORS ///
HUNDREDS OF ETHNIC ALBANIANS MADE THEIR WAY UP PENNSYLVANIA
AVENUE FROM THE WHITE HOUSE TO THE U-S CAPITOL, HOPING TO
PERSUADE THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION AND THE CONGRESS TO SUPPORT
THEIR DEMAND FOR KOSOVO'S INDEPENDENCE FROM SERBIA.
SERBIAN LEADERS HAVE VOWED TO KEEP KOSOVO AS PART OF SERBIA NO
MATTER WHAT THE COST. BUT ETHNIC ALBANIANS LIKE ALEXANDER DRAGAY
ARGUE THAT THE POPULATION OF KOSOVO, WHICH IS 90 PERCENT ETHNIC
ALBANIAN, IS BEING PUSHED TO THE LIMIT BY THE SERBIAN GOVERNMENT.
/// DRAGAY ACT. ///
AND WE ARE HERE TO VOICE OUR CONCERN AND OUR SUPPORT FOR
THE PEOPLE OF KOSOVO, THE ALBANIAN PEOPLE IN MONTENEGRO
AND MACEDONIA. BECAUSE WE HAVE BEEN OPPRESSED BY THE
SERBIAN NATIONALISM FOR DECADES. AND WE ARE A
PEACE-LOVING PEOPLE AND WE JUST WANT TO END THIS IN A
PEACEFUL SOLUTION, WE DO NOT WANT ANY CONFRONTATION.
BUT THE SERBIANS HAVE BEEN PUSHING US TO THE EDGE.
/// END ACT. ///
WEDNESDAY'S RALLY OUTSIDE THE U-S SENATE DREW ETHNIC ALBANIANS
FROM ALL OVER THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, EVEN FROM AS FAR
AWAY
AS ALASKA. ANTON DJOKAJ IS AN ETHNIC ALBANIAN, ORIGINALLY FROM
MONTENEGRO, WHO NOW LIVES IN NEW YORK. HE SAYS THE UNITED STATES
CAN PLAY A KEY ROLE IN APPLYING GREATER PRESSURE ON SERBIA.
/// DJOKAJ ACT. ///
WE WANT FROM THE UNITED STATES TO PUT PRESSURE ON THE
SERBS TO LEAVE US ALONE. THAT IS THE MAIN POINT. PUT
PRESSURE TO LEAVE SANCTIONS ON THE SERBS AND AS MUCH AS
THEY CAN ON BELGRADE, BECAUSE EVERYTHING COMES FROM
BELGRADE. MILOSEVIC, THE PRESIDENT OF SERBIA, HE CREATED
ALL THESE POLITICAL PROBLEMS AGAINST OTHER REPUBLICS.
AND WE WANT FROM THE UNITED STATES TO PUT PRESSURE ON
HIM, ON THE SERBS, TO LEAVE US ALONE AND TO LET US HAVE
INDEPENDENCE.
/// END ACT. ///
IN ADDITION TO CALLS FOR KOSOVO'S INDEPENDENCE, THE DEMONSTRATORS
ALSO WANT SERBIAN TROOPS REMOVED FROM KOSOVO AND SAY THEY
EXPECT
THE SUPPORT OF SEVERAL MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE AND SENATE FOR THEIR
APPEAL. THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION HAS SAID THAT KOSOVO SHOULD
REMAIN PART OF SERBIA, BUT THAT THE GOVERNMENT NEEDS TO SHOW
GREATER RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS. (SIGNED)
NEB / JM / BD/BG
29-Mar-95 4:24 PM EST (2124 UTC)
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voa.119usisbel,
DATE=3/29/95
TYPE=CURRENT AFFAIRS FEATURE - TTA
NUMBER=3-21419
TITLE="THE HUBBLE SCOPE: LOOKING FOR PLANETS (SHORT)
BYLINE=BRIAN CISLAK
TELEPHONE=619-3529
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=VOHS
CONTENT=
/// EDITORS: THIS SCRIPT IS A BREAKOUT OF THE "TALK TO AMERICA"
PROGRAM AIRED MONDAY, 3/27. //
INTRO: THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE -- ORBITING SOME 600
KILOMETERS ABOVE THE EARTH-- WILL SOON GET NEW CAMERAS
THAT WILL ENABLE IT TO LOOK FOR PLANETS AROUND STARS
OTHER THAN OUR SUN. BRIAN CISLAK REPORTS:
TEXT: ABOUT 20 LIGHT YEARS FROM EARTH -- RIGHT IN OUR COSMIC
BACKYARD -- THERE ARE TWO STARS ABOUT THE SIZE OF THE
SUN. STEVE MARAN (PRON: MAA-RUN), A SENIOR SCIENTIST
WITH THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE, THINKS THOSE STARS MAY
HAVE SOMETHING ELSE IN COMMON WITH OUR SUN -- PLANETS.
HE WANTS TO USE THE EARTH-ORBITING OBSERVATORY CHECK OUT
THIS POSSIBILITY: (:20)
TAPE: CUT ONE -- MARAN: (:10)
"WE CALCULATE WE'D HAVE A FIGHTING CHANCE OF SEEING A
PLANET THE SIZE OF JUPITER AT ABOUT JUPITER'S DISTANCE
FROM THE SUN IN TERMS OF DISTANCE FROM EITHER OF THOSE
STARS."
TEXT: ON VOA'S "TALK TO AMERICA" PROGRAM, STEVE MARAN SAID THE
PLANET SEARCH WILL BEGIN WHEN SPACEWALKING ASTRONAUTS
INSTALL A NEW SPECTROGRAPH AND CAMERA INTO THE SPACE
TELESCOPE.
IN THE FUTURE, ASTRONOMERS HOPE TO SCAN THE COSMOS FOR
TOUGHER-TO-FIND, EARTH-SIZED PLANETS USING MORE
COMPLICATED TELESCOPE SETUPS IN SPACE: (:20)
TAPE: CUT TWO -- MARAN: (:24)
"SUCH ARE UNDER CONSIDERATION NOW BY NASA THAT WOULD USE
INTERFEROMETRY. THAT MEANS YOU FLY TWO OR MORE
TELESCOPES AT ONCE, STATIONKEEPING SO THAT THEY KEEP THE
SAME DISTANCE FROM EACH OTHER, AND THEY CAN SIMULATE THE
RESOLVING POWER OR THE ABILITY TO SEE FINE DETAIL OF AN
ENORMOUS TELESCOPE WHOSE MIRROR WOULD BE EQUAL TO THE
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TWO SATELLITES."
TEXT: IF ASTRONOMERS FIND AN EARTH-SIZED PLANET WITH AN
ATMOSPHERE, ANALYSIS OF ITS REFLECTED LIGHT SPECTRA
MIGHT DISCLOSE THE PRESENCE OF WATER. WATER WOULD ALMOST
INVARIABLY INDICATE THE PRESENCE OF LIFE ON A WORLD FAR
FROM OUR OWN -- A FINDING OF TRULY COSMIC SIGNIFICANCE.
(:16)
(SIGNED)
29-Mar-95 4:01 PM EST (2101 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.120usisbel,
voa frequency list update
bro.zipvoa.121usisbel,
DATE=3/30/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176355
TITLE= BALKANS NAME GAME (L ONLY)
BYLINE=ELAINE JOHANSON
DATELINE=UNITED NATIONS
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: EFFORTS TO RENEW THE UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN THE
BALKANS STUMBLED THURSDAY OVER WHAT TO NAME THE FORCE IN
CROATIA.
THE SECURITY COUNCIL IS RACING AGAINST A FRIDAY DEADLINE WHEN THE
PEACEKEEPING MANDATE EXPIRES. V-O-A'S CORRESPONDENT ELAINE
JOHANSON REPORTS:
TEXT: YOU MIGHT ASK, "WHAT'S IN A NAME"? THE CROATIAN
GOVERNMENT WOULD SAY -- JUST ABOUT ALL THE PRINCIPLES IT STANDS
FOR IN ITS CONFLICT WITH THE REBEL SERBS. THE UNITED NATIONS HAS
SUGGESTED NAMING THE NEW FORCE FOR CROATIA -- THE U-N CONFIDENCE
RESTORATION OPERATION, WHICH WOULD BE KNOWN BY ITS ACRONYM
UNCRO.
ZAGREB IS INSISTING THAT THE WORD "CROATIA" BE INCLUDED IN THE
OFFICIAL NAME AS A WAY OF ASSERTING ITS TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY
AGAINST SEPARATIST AIMS IN SERB-OCCUPIED KRAJINA.
CROATIA'S BORDERS ARE NOT IN DISPUTE IN THE SECURITY COUNCIL.
BUT MEMBERS HAD HOPED TO AVOID INFLAMING SERB SENSITIVITIES
UNNECESSARILY WHILE PEACE EFFORTS ARE UNDERWAY. DIPLOMATS LATE
THURSDAY WENT BACK TO THE DRAWING BOARD TO FIND A COMPROMISE,
AMID LAST-MINUTE HOPES THAT CROATIA WOULD WITHDRAW ITS OBJECTION.
MEANWHILE, THE COUNCIL IS POISED TO ADOPT THREE RESOLUTIONS THAT
WOULD SIGNIFY THE END OF THE U-N OPERATION IN THE FORMER
YUGOSLAVIA AS IT HAS EXISTED SINCE 1992. UNPROFOR WOULD BE
BROKEN UP INTO THREE SEPARATE FORCES, EACH WITH ITS OWN COMMAND
BUT UNDER THE GENERAL DIRECTION OF A U-N CIVILIAN. THE CROATIAN
FORCE WOULD BE REDUCED FROM ITS PRESENT STRENGTH OF 12-THOUSAND,
WITH BORDER DEPLOYMENT TO DISCOURAGE SMUGGLING OF MILITARY
SUPPLIES TO THE REBEL SERBS. THE OPERATIONS IN
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND MACEDONIA WOULD REMAIN UNCHANGED.
THE RESOLUTIONS, HOWEVER, ARE ONLY THE FIRST STEP. U-N OFFICIALS
WILL STILL HAVE TO NEGOTIATE WITH THE CROATIANS ON THE SIZE OF
THE NEW FORCE. WESTERN DIPLOMATS SAY A MINIMUM OF EIGHT THOUSAND
TROOPS ARE REQUIRED TO PATROL CEASEFIRE LINES AND MONITOR
CROATIA'S INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES.
CROATIA IN JANUARY ORDERED THE PEACEKEEPERS OUT BY THE END OF
MARCH. PRESIDENT FRANJO TUDJMAN RELUCTANTLY CHANGED HIS MIND
UNDER PRESSURE FROM THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY, PROVIDED THE
SECURITY COUNCIL MAKES THE NECESSARY ADJUSTMENTS. (SIGNED)
NEB/PT
30-Mar-95 7:15 PM EST (0015 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.122usisbel,
DATE=3/30/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176358
TITLE=SARAJEVO CARDINAL (L-O)
BYLINE=PHIL KURATA
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE ARCHBISHOP OF SARAJEVO, VINKO CARDINAL PULJIC, IS IN
THE UNITED STATES TO APPEAL FOR HELP IN ENDING THE WAR IN
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA. V-O-A CORRESPONDENT PHIL KURATA REPORTS
CARDINAL PULJIC SAYS A LASTING PEACE CAN NOT BE FOUND BY
REWARDING AGGRESSION.
TEXT: CARDINAL PULJIC SAYS THE BOSNIAN WAR HAS HAD A DISASTROUS
EFFECT ON THE CATHOLIC COMMUNITY IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA. HE SAYS
THREE-FOURTHS OF THE CATHOLICS IN THE SARAJEVO ARCHDIOCESE HAVE
LEFT, AND MORE THAN 80-PERCENT OF THE CATHOLICS IN BANJA LUKA
DIOCESE HAVE BEEN FORCED OUT BY ETHNIC CLEANSING.
HE SAYS THE MAIN CAUSE OF THE BOSNIAN CONFLICT IS AN ATTEMPT BY
SERB NATIONALISTS TO CREATE A GREATER SERBIA. BUT, HE SAYS
CROATIANS AND MUSLIMS ALSO HAVE COMMITTED ABUSES DURING THE
THREE-YEARS OF WAR.
VINKO PULJIC WAS NAMED THE WORLD'S YOUNGEST CARDINAL AT THE AGE
OF 49 LAST NOVEMBER. POPE JOHN PAUL MADE THE NOMINATION TO
INDICATE HIS SOLIDARITY WITH THE SUFFERING PEOPLE OF THE FORMER
YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC.
SPEAKING AT THE CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL AND STRATEGIC STUDIES IN
WASHINGTON, CARDINAL PULJIC SAID THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY HAS
SHOWN LITTLE RESOLVE IN CONFRONTING -- WHAT HE CALLED -- SERB
AGGRESSION.
/// PULJIC ACT (FADE UNDER) ///
HE SAYS HE BELIEVES FOREIGN OFFICIALS OBSERVING THE BOSNIAN WAR
HAVE SHOWN APPRECIATION ONLY FOR THE SIDE WHICH HAS POWER AND
THE
SIDE WHICH IS WEAK IS IGNORED.
FRANJO TOPIC, A BOSNIAN PRIEST TRAVELING WITH THE CARDINAL,
EMPHASIZES THE CARDINAL'S POSITION THE FIRST STEP TOWARD PEACE
MUST BE DISARMING THE BOSNIAN SERBS.
/// TOPIC ACT ///
IN MY OPINION, THE FIRST THING IS TO TAKE AWAY THE
WEAPONS FROM THE AGGRESSOR AND POSSIBLY FROM ALL THE
PARTIES, BECAUSE WITH WEAPONS IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO FIND
A GOOD AND REALISTIC SOLUTION
FATHER TOPIC SAYS THE NATO ALLIES PLAYED A USEFUL ROLE BY
THREATENING AIRSTRIKES TO FORCE BOSNIAN SERBS TO WITHDRAW THEIR
HEAVY ARTILLERY FROM AROUND SARAJEVO AND OTHER GOVERNMENT
STRONGHOLDS.
MEMBERS OF THREE RELIGIONS ARE INVOLVED IN THE BOSNIAN CONFLICT.
THE EASTERN ORTHODOX CHURCH IS THE RELIGIOUS INSTITUTION
CONNECTED WITH THE SERB COMMUNITY. THE BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT IS
DOMINATED BY MUSLIMS, AND THE BOSNIAN CROATS ARE MOSTLY ROMAN
CATHOLICS.
CARDINAL PULJIC SAYS THE KEY TO ENDING THE FIGHTING IS TO BUILD
BRIDGES OF TRUST BETWEEN THE THREE GROUPS. HE SAYS THE
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY CAN HELP BY PROTECTING THREATENED
POPULATIONS AND ENCOURAGING DEMILITARIZATION. (SIGNED)
NEB/PK/RAE
30-Mar-95 10:40 PM EST (0340 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.123usisbel,
DATE=APRIL 1, 1995
TYPE=ON THE LINE
NUMBER=1-00309
TITLE=THE UNITED STATES AND THE NEW EUROPE
EDITOR=OFFICE OF POLICY - 619-0037
CONTENT=
THEME: UP, HOLD UNDER AND FADE
ANNCR: ON THE LINE -- A DISCUSSION OF UNITED STATES
POLICIES AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES.
THIS WEEK, "THE UNITED STATES AND THE NEW
EUROPE." HERE IS YOUR HOST, U-S-I-A DEPUTY
DIRECTOR PENN KEMBLE.
HOST: HELLO AND WELCOME TO ON THE LINE.
SINCE THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION, THE
UNITED STATES HAS TRIED TO HELP FORMER
SOVIET-BLOC NATIONS JOIN THE COMMUNITY OF
FREE-MARKET DEMOCRACIES. THE PARTNERSHIP FOR
PEACE HAS ENABLED COUNTRIES IN CENTRAL AND
EASTERN EUROPE TO COOPERATE POLITICALLY AND
MILITARILY WITH NATO. THE U.S. HOPES TO EXPAND
NATO, ALTHOUGH RUSSIA HAS EXPRESSED OPPOSITION.
AT THE SAME TIME, THE WAR IN BOSNIA GOES ON AND
BOTH THE UNITED NATIONS AND NATO SEEM UNABLE TO
STOP IT. THIS FAILURE RAISES THE QUESTION OF
WHETHER PEACE OR STABILITY CAN BE ACHIEVED IN A
POST-COLD WAR EUROPE.
JOINING ME TODAY TO DISCUSS UNITED STATES POLICY
AND THE NEW EUROPE ARE TWO EXPERTS. JOHN
KORNBLUM IS DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE
FOR EUROPEAN AND CANADIAN AFFAIRS. JEANE
KIRKPATRICK IS A SENIOR FELLOW AT THE AMERICAN
ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE AND A FORMER U.S.
AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED NATIONS.
WELCOME TO THE SHOW. AMBASSADOR KORNBLUM, IF I
MAY, LET'S START WITH YOU. HOW WOULD YOU
DESCRIBE U.S. INTERESTS IN EUROPE AT THE END OF
THE COLD WAR AND HOW HAVE THEY CHANGED?
KORNBLUM: AMERICAN INTERESTS IN EUROPE HAVE CHANGED BUT
THEY'VE ALSO STAYED THE SAME. REALLY, YOU CAN
ARGUE, SINCE THE BEGINNING OF OUR REPUBLIC, WE
HAVE DRAWN BOTH PHILOSOPHICAL AND CULTURAL
SUPPORT, MATERIAL EARNINGS, AND ALSO A SENSE OF
SECURITY FROM EUROPE. FOR A GOOD DEAL OF OUR
HISTORY, THAT SENSE OF SECURITY CAME FROM EUROPE
TOWARDS THE UNITED STATES. SINCE WORLD WAR TWO,
THE TRACK HAS BEEN EXACTLY IN THE OPPOSITE
DIRECTION: WE HAVE PROVIDED A GOOD SENSE OF
SECURITY. BUT IN THE END, OUR HEALTH AS A
SOCIETY AND OUR SECURITY DEPEND ON A VERY CLOSE
AND ACTIVELY POSITIVE RELATIONSHIP WITH EUROPE.
HOST: AMBASSADOR KIRKPATRICK, YOU'RE A SCHOLAR AND A
JOURNALIST. HOW DO YOU SEE OUR INTERESTS
EVOLVING AND HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE THE
SITUATION WE FACE TODAY?
KIRKPATRICK: I THINK THAT THE AMERICAN RELATIONSHIP WITH
EUROPE IS, IF ANYTHING, EVEN DEEPER THAN
AMBASSADOR KORNBLUM SUGGESTED. I BELIEVE THAT
OUR IDENTITY IS FUNDAMENTALLY EUROPEAN. I
SUPPOSE YOU PROBABLY DON'T DISAGREE WITH THAT.
OUR ROOTS ARE EUROPEAN. OUR CIVILIZATION IS
EUROPEAN. THE CIVILIZATION OF WHICH WE ARE A
PART AND A REPRESENTATIVE IS WESTERN
CIVILIZATION, WHICH IS [FROM] EUROPE. NOW, THAT
BEING THE CASE, I THINK WE HAVE A STAKE IN
EUROPE AS WE HAVE A STAKE IN OUR OWN COUNTRY
THAT REALLY TRANSCENDS SPECIFIC INTERESTS.
EUROPE'S WELL-BEING IS VERY MUCH RELEVANT TO OUR
OWN WELL-BEING. I BELIEVE THAT PEACE IN EUROPE
AND SECURITY THERE IS JUST COLOSSALLY IMPORTANT
TO OUR OWN. IT'S PART OF OUR OWN.
HOST: AMBASSADOR KORNBLUM, YOU SPOKE ABOUT HOW THE
U.S. SEES ITS LEADERSHIP ROLE IN EUROPE. HOW DO
THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES SEE THE U.S. TODAY AND
HOW WOULD THEY TREAT OUR EXERCISE OF LEADERSHIP?
KORNBLUM: THERE'S, IF ANYTHING, A GROWING INTEREST IN
AMERICAN LEADERSHIP. AGAIN, THESE ARE CLICHES
SOMETIMES THAT PEOPLE THINK APPLY BECAUSE THINGS
HAVE CHANGED. THE COLD WAR IS OVER. THAT MEANS
AMERICAN LEADERSHIP IS NOT AS IMPORTANT. IT'S
EXACTLY THE OPPOSITE. THERE IS A GREAT SENSE OF
CHANGE AND ALSO, OF COURSE, OF UNCERTAINTY AND A
NEED FOR DIRECTION IN EUROPE, BOTH EAST AND
WEST. AND THERE IS A VERY STRONG UNDERSTANDING
THAT THE UNITED STATES IS THE COUNTRY WITH BOTH
THE STRENGTH AND THE CONTINUITY OF VISION WHICH
CAN HELP GIVE THIS LEADERSHIP. SO, FOR THOSE OF
US IN OFFICIAL POSITIONS WHO TRAVEL AND WORK IN
EUROPE, WE FIND THAT THE DESIRE FOR A STRONG
AMERICAN ROLE AND AMERICAN LEADERSHIP IS, IF
ANYTHING, MUCH STRONGER THAN IT WAS TEN YEARS
AGO.
HOST: AMBASSADOR KIRKPATRICK, DO WE SEE, IN YOUR VIEW,
OTHER CONTENDERS FOR LEADERSHIP IN EUROPE?
THERE WAS A TIME WHEN CERTAINLY THE SOVIET UNION
SOUGHT THE ROLE OF "LEADER OF EUROPE" AND WE
WERE RIVALS. BUT WHERE TODAY WOULD SUCH A
COMPETITION COME FROM?
KIRKPATRICK: FRANCE. FRANCE, WHICH SEES ITSELF ALSO AS A
CIVILIZATION, AND AS A CIVILIZATION WHICH IS THE
HEART OF EUROPE AND THE IDENTITY OF EUROPE. AS
A MATTER OF FACT, I DON'T REALLY THINK THAT THE
EUROPEANS DESIRE AMERICAN LEADERSHIP, AND I'M
NOT SURE WE CAN ESTABLISH IT, BUT I THINK THEY
DESIRE AMERICAN PARTICIPATION. AND I THINK WE
CAN PARTICIPATE. I THINK THE EUROPEANS ARE
MAINLY INTERESTED TODAY IN EUROPEAN UNION AND IN
THE CONSTRUCTION OF A EUROPE THAT WILL BE,
THOUGH NOT A FEDERAL STATE, MEANINGFULLY UNITED.
AND, YOU KNOW, I THINK WE'RE GOING TO HAVE TO
GET IN AND MIX IT UP [WITH THEM] IN ORDER TO
ESTABLISH OUR ROLE AND OUR INFLUENCE IN THIS NEW
EUROPE, IN THIS NEW WESTERN CIVILIZATION.
HOST: I THINK WHEN AMERICANS HEAR THE TERM "EUROPEAN
UNION," THEY THINK OF A KIND OF ECONOMIC GIANT.
AMBASSADOR KORNBLUM, WHAT'S THE INTERPLAY OF
ECONOMICS AND POLITICS IN THE NEW EUROPEAN
SITUATION WE FACE?
KORNBLUM: THIS IS THE AREA, AS AMBASSADOR KIRKPATRICK
SAYS, WHERE WE NEED TO SORT OF MIX IT UP. THE
THEORY IN POST-WAR WESTERN EUROPE, WHICH WAS
ACTUALLY VERY SUCCESSFUL, WAS THAT BY BUILDING A
FOUNDATION OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION AND MUTUAL
SUPPORT, YOU WOULD ALSO MOVE TOWARD COMMON
POLITICAL GOALS AND COMMON POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS. WE'RE NOW AT THE POINT WHERE THE
PROMISE OF THE COMMON POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS IS
EITHER GOING TO BE REALIZED OR PERHAPS FALL BACK
FOR SOME TIME AND NOT BE REALIZED. AND THERE'S
GOING TO BE, IN THE NEXT TWO OR THREE YEARS, A
GREAT DEAL OF DEBATE ABOUT THIS. AND IT IS, I
THINK, A COMMON VIEW ACROSS THE POLITICAL
SPECTRUM IN THE UNITED STATES THAT IT IS IN OUR
INTEREST FOR A NUMBER OF REASONS TO SUPPORT THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THESE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS. WE
DO NOT WANT TO BE A LEADER IN THE SENSE OF
SOMEONE WHO CONTROLS OTHERS, AND WE ALSO, ON THE
OTHER HAND, DO NOT WANT TO BE A LEADER IN THE
SENSE OF HAVING A LARGE NUMBER OF VERY
PROSPEROUS COUNTRIES WHO ARE DEPENDENT UPON US.
WE WANT WHAT IS, IF YOU WILL, A FULL
PARTNERSHIP. AND SO ENCOURAGING THE
CONSTRUCTION OF THESE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS IS
GOING TO BE COMPLEX, [AND] SOMETIMES DELICATE,
BECAUSE SOMETIMES OUR POINTS OF VIEW AREN'T
ALWAYS WELCOME IF SOMEBODY IS DEBATING WITH
SOMEONE ELSE. IT'S GOING TO BE A VERY COMPLEX
TASK AND IT'S GOING TO BE ONE OF THE MAJOR TASKS
FOR THE UNITED STATES IN EUROPE IN THE COMING
YEARS.
HOST: NOW LET'S TURN TO DEFENSE A LITTLE BIT BECAUSE
WHEN YOU THINK OF THIS ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL
GIANT OR POTENTIAL GIANT EUROPE, YOU OBVIOUSLY
THINK OF SOMETHING THAT CAN PAY ITS OWN WAY IN
DEFENSE. AND YET THE UNITED STATES CONTINUES TO
HAVE A VERY STRONG DEFENSE POSITION IN EUROPE.
AMBASSADOR KIRKPATRICK, IS THIS SOMETHING THAT
WE NEED TO SUSTAIN OR COULD WE NOW PERHAPS SCALE
BACK?
KIRKPATRICK: I BELIEVE VERY STRONGLY IN THE PRESERVATION OF
NATO, UNLESS OR UNTIL THERE IS SOME ALTERNATIVE,
ALL-EUROPEAN SECURITY STRUCTURE WHICH CAN TRULY
FULFILL THE ROLE THAT NATO AT ITS PRIME, IN GOOD
SHAPE, CAN FULFILL. I'M VERY WORRIED ABOUT THE
WEAKENING OF NATO UNDER CURRENT CIRCUMSTANCES.
I THINK THAT THE SITUATION IN BOSNIA, AND THE
SORT OF SUBMISSION OF NATO TO A KIND OF INFORMAL
BUT VERY REAL U-N CONTROL IN ITS ROLE IN BOSNIA,
IS VERY SERIOUS AND VERY NEGATIVE.
HOST: I WANT TO ASK YOU, AMBASSADOR KORNBLUM, TO
DESCRIBE FOR US, A LITTLE BIT, U.S. POLICY
TOWARD NATO AND TOWARD THE EXPANSION OF NATO --
THE PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE, THE QUESTION OF
EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, RUSSIA AND SO FORTH.
COULD YOU GIVE US A QUICK SKETCH?
KORNBLUM: YES. NATO IS ONE OF THE FOUNDATIONS [ON WHICH]
THIS PEACEFUL AND INTEGRATED STRUCTURE IN
WESTERN EUROPE WAS BUILT IN THE FORTY,
FORTY-FIVE YEARS FOLLOWING WORLD WAR TWO. IT
HAD AS A CLOSE COMPATRIOT, IF YOU WILL, THE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY, LATER UNION -- WHICH IS THE
EXPRESSION OF EUROPEAN IDENTITY. THEY WERE, FOR
REASONS THAT WE ALL KNOW, LIMITED TO THE WESTERN
PART OF THE CONTINENT. AS WE NOW COME INTO A
PERIOD WHERE THERE IS NO LONGER AN EAST-WEST
CONFRONTATION, NO LONGER A MILITARY STANDOFF,
AND NO SOVIET UNION AND NO WARSAW PACT, THE
QUESTION BECOMES: CAN YOU BUILD THROUGHOUT
EUROPE THE KIND OF COOPERATION THAT YOU BUILT IN
WESTERN EUROPE? THIS IS THE STATED GOAL OF
EVERY MAJOR COUNTRY. IT IS PRESIDENT CLINTON'S
VERY FIRM BELIEF THAT THIS IS THE FOUNDATION FOR
THE FUTURE OF PEACE IN EUROPE. AND SO WE HAVE
BEEN WORKING WITH OUR ALLIES AND OUR PARTNERS
TO, IF YOU WILL, EXPAND, ENLARGE THE COVERAGE,
THE STABILITY, THE SENSE OF SECURITY THAT THIS
WESTERN COOPERATION PROVIDES. AND I STRESS THIS
WORD "WESTERN COOPERATION" BECAUSE WE'RE NOT
NECESSARILY ARGUING THAT TO SAVE EUROPE, YOU
EXPAND NATO. RATHER, WHAT WE'RE ARGUING IS THAT
THE PATTERNS OF COOPERATION, THE KIND OF
INTEGRATION THAT THE WEST ACHIEVED IN DEFENSE,
IN ECONOMICS, IN POLITICS, IN WHATEVER, IS A
VERY GOOD PATTERN TO TRY AND EXPAND THROUGHOUT
EUROPE. AS PART OF THAT, OF COURSE, IT IS VERY
LOGICAL THAT BOTH NATO AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
SHOULD HAVE NEW MEMBERS AS WELL AS NEW TASKS AND
THERE IS IN BOTH CASES A VERY CAREFULLY
MODULATED PROCESS UNDERWAY TO TALK ABOUT THE
ROLES, TO CONSIDER WHETHER NEW MEMBERS WOULD BE
USEFUL, AND AT THE END OF A CERTAIN PERIOD,
WHICH WILL PROBABLY BE A PERIOD OF YEARS, TO IN
FACT TAKE IN NEW MEMBERS. BUT, AS I SAID
BEFORE, WE ALSO WISH TO PROJECT THE ROLE OF
THESE ORGANIZATIONS, AND THE PARTNERSHIP FOR
PEACE IS AN EFFORT TO PROJECT THE COOPERATION OF
NATO WITH OR WITHOUT THE EXPECTATION OF
EXPANSION. SOME OF THE MEMBERS -- THERE ARE NOW
TWENTY-FOUR WHO HAVE SIGNED UP TO BE PARTNERSHIP
COUNTRIES -- SOME OF THEM WISH TO JOIN NATO
RATHER RAPIDLY, OTHERS MAY NEVER WISH TO JOIN
NATO. BUT WE BELIEVE THAT THE KIND OF
COOPERATION WHICH IS ORGANIZED -- AND WHAT IS
PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE -- IT IS ESSENTIALLY A
PROGRAM OF COOPERATION AND COORDINATION IN
POLITICAL, MILITARY FIELDS.
HOST: AMBASSADOR KIRKPATRICK, WHAT THE DEBATE IN THE
U.S. IS ABOUT THE POLICY THAT THE CLINTON
ADMINISTRATION HAS FOLLOWED ON PARTNERSHIP FOR
PEACE?
KIRKPATRICK: I DON'T THINK THERE'S BEEN A BIPOLAR KIND OF
DEBATE ON THIS. WITH THE VISEGRAD COUNTRIES,
FOR EXAMPLE, AS I HAVE, FOR THE LAST THREE
YEARS, PROPOSED TO EXPAND IT [NATO], AND ADMIT,
AT LEAST, THE NEW DEMOCRACIES IN CENTRAL EUROPE
AND PERHAPS EASTERN EUROPE, TAKING CARE NOT TO
EXCLUDE RUSSIA, NOT TO DEVELOP A CONFRONTATIONAL
OR PROVOCATIVE STRUCTURE VIS-A-VIS RUSSIA. AND
THERE HAVE BEEN AMERICANS WHO WERE CONCERNED
ABOUT WHETHER THE PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE WAS
GOING TO UNRAVEL NATO. NOW, I THINK I
UNDERSTAND THE KINDS OF CONCERNS THAT WOULD HAVE
LED THE ADMINISTRATION TO THE PARTNERSHIP FOR
PEACE SOLUTION. I REMAIN CONCERNED WHETHER IT
WILL LEAD SOMEWHERE AND WHETHER IT WILL PROVIDE
GENUINE, REAL, AUTHENTIC SECURITY STRUCTURES FOR
THE NEW DEMOCRACIES IN CENTRAL EUROPE AND
EASTERN EUROPE IF THEY DESIRE TO BELONG. AND I
THINK THEY DO DESIRE TO BELONG. POLAND,
HUNGARY, THE CZECH REPUBLIC, SLOVAKIA VERY MUCH
DESIRE TO BELONG. AND I THINK THAT SOME OF US
FEAR THAT THE PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE MAY BE A
KIND OF STEP TOWARD THE UNRAVELING OF NATO MORE
BROADLY, AND THE WEAKENING OF IT. AND THE U-N
ISSUE IS ANOTHER ONE THAT RELATES TO THIS
UNRAVELING AND WE WORRY.
HOST: HOW DO YOU RESPOND TO THAT CONCERN, AMBASSADOR?
KORNBLUM: I THINK THAT IN A PERIOD SUCH AS THIS, THE
DANGER OF WEAKENING OR UNRAVELING IS ALWAYS
THERE. AND THERE HAS, IN FACT, BEEN A DEBATE,
PERHAPS NOT AS MUCH IN THE UNITED STATES AS IN
EUROPE ABOUT THIS. SHOULD NATO STAY AS IT IS?
OR SHOULD NATO EXTEND BOTH ITS PROTECTION, IF
YOU WILL, AND ITS INFLUENCE BEYOND ITS
TRADITIONAL AREAS? THERE HAS BEEN A
CONSIDERABLE DEBATE ABOUT THIS AND THE QUESTIONS
ABOUT HOW PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE MIGHT AFFECT
NATO ARE PART OF THIS DEBATE. I THINK THAT
THERE WAS A BROAD CONSENSUS, AND CERTAINLY IN
THIS GOVERNMENT THERE WAS A BROAD CONSENSUS.
THAT IF NATO INCREASINGLY LOOKED AS A REMNANT OF
THE COLD WAR PRACTICING CONTINUALLY TO FIGHT A
RUSSIAN INVASION WHICH WAS NEVER GOING TO COME,
THAT IT MIGHT NOT FADE AWAY, BUT IT WOULD JUST
BECOME IRRELEVANT, AND ALSO BECOME IRRELEVANT TO
POLICY MAKERS AND MONEY GIVERS, THE CONGRESS IN
THE UNITED STATES.
HOST: BUT WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT NATO, THE MIND QUICKLY
TURNS TO THE SITUATION IN BOSNIA AND I WONDER,
AMBASSADOR KIRKPATRICK, HOW HAS THE FAILURE OF
THE NATO COUNTRIES, EUROPE, THE UNITED STATES,
TO CONTEND WITH THE TERRIBLE SITUATION IN BOSNIA
AFFECTED THE FUTURE OF NATO AND THE DISCUSSION
ABOUT BRINGING IN OTHER COUNTRIES?
KIRKPATRICK: IT'S POSED A REALLY MAJOR CHALLENGE, BECAUSE
WHAT ONE MUST FACE IS THE FAILURE OF EUROPE AND
THE EUROPEAN UNION TO SUCCEED IN FINDING A
SOLUTION. WITH THE OUTBREAK OF THOSE
HOSTILITIES, THE THEN-PRESIDENT OF THE EUROPEAN
UNION, MR. JAQUES POOS OF LUXEMBOURG, SAID,
"THIS IS A EUROPEAN PROBLEM. WE SHOULD HAVE A
EUROPEAN SOLUTION. THERE'S NO ROLE HERE FOR THE
UNITED STATES." AND THEY TRIED WELL BUT NOT
VERY LONG AND THEY FAILED. SO IT'S A FAILURE
FOR THEM, ITS A FAILURE FOR THE W-E-U [WEST
EUROPEAN UNION], AND IT'S A FAILURE FOR NATO,
BECAUSE NATO HAS ALSO DROPPED THIS BALL. AND
IT'S A FAILURE FOR THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION
AND THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION. IT'S A BIPARTISAN
FAILURE IN THE UNITED STATES. AND, YOU KNOW,
IT'S A TRAGEDY BESIDES. AND IT'S A FAILURE FOR
THE C-S-C-E [CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND
COOPERATION IN EUROPE], WHICH HAS SIMPLY BEEN
PASSIVE IN THIS.
HOST: THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION TO TURN TO. AMBASSADOR
KORNBLUM, HOW DO YOU SEE US OVERCOMING THIS
DIFFICULTY WITH BOSNIA TO CREATE THE KIND OF
UNITY IN THESE COUNTRIES THAT'S NECESSARY FOR
TRUE EXPANSION OF NATO?
KORNBLUM: I WOULD AGREE COMPLETELY. BOSNIA IS A HUMAN,
SPIRITUAL AND POLITICAL FAILURE, AND IT OUGHT TO
BE A VERY STRONG MESSAGE TO ALL OF US WHO ARE
INTERESTED IN WORLD AFFAIRS, IN RELATIONS AMONG
NATIONS, THAT AT A TIME OF THE GREATEST, IF YOU
WILL, VICTORY FOR THE DEMOCRATIC FORCES, THAT
INTERNAL CONFLICT RIPPED APART AND SHOWED THE
WEAKNESSES OF THE VERY FORCES WHICH HAD JUST WON
THIS MAJOR VICTORY. IT'S A VERY SOBERING,
SOBERING THING, AND ALL YOU CAN DO IS SAY THAT
IT HAS WARNED US OF THE KINDS OF DANGERS WHICH
EXIST. AND WE COULD SPEND A LONG TIME TALKING
ABOUT WHAT THEY ARE; WE DON'T NEED TO NOW.
HOST: I WANT TO ASK EACH OF YOU: IS THE SITUATION IN
BOSNIA SOMETHING PECULIAR, OR IS THIS A
SITUATION THAT COULD SPREAD IN OTHER AREAS OF
THE REGION? AMBASSADOR KIRKPATRICK.
KIRKPATRICK: I HAVE THOUGHT THERE ARE SEVERAL REASONS THAT
BOSNIA IS SO IMPORTANT. ONE IS JUST A HUMAN
TRAGEDY AND THE HUMANITARIAN DEVASTATION. BUT
TWO IS THAT BOSNIA IS, I BELIEVE, A CONFLICT
WHICH COULD SPREAD AND IT COULD SPREAD
CONTIGUOUSLY. IT COULD ALSO SPREAD BY EXAMPLE.
AND I WORRY ABOUT THAT.
HOST: AMBASSADOR KORNBLUM?
KORNBLUM: YES, I THINK IT COULD, PERHAPS, SPREAD IN ITS
REGION. BUT I THINK THE MESSAGE FOR ALL OF US
IS THAT AS WE HAVE JUST COME AWAY FROM MAJOR
EAST-WEST CONFRONTATION. THERE ARE NEW KINDS OF
TENSIONS WITHIN SOCIETIES WHICH CAN BE EQUALLY
AS DANGEROUS AND WE HAVE TO LEARN HOW TO DEAL
WITH THEM.
HOST: I'M AFRAID THAT'S ALL THE TIME WE HAVE. I'D
LIKE TO THANK OUR GUESTS -- JOHN KORNBLUM,
DEPUTY ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE; JEANE
KIRKPATRICK, FROM THE AMERICAN ENTERPRISE
INSTITUTE -- FOR JOINING ME THIS WEEK TO DISCUSS
THE UNITED STATES AND THE NEW EUROPE. THIS IS
PENN KEMBLE FOR ON THE LINE.
30-Mar-95 5:13 PM EST (2213 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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NEB Newswire for UTC Thursday
91. SPECIAL ENGLISH ENVIRONMENT REPORT - OZONE ..GAYLE
SHIRAKI/WASHINGTON
92. SPECIAL ENGLISH PEOPLE IN AMERICA #1558 - MARY LYON By VIVIAN R.
BO..
93. SPECTER / PRESIDENT (S) By JAMES MALONE/SENATE
94. SPECTER PROFILE By JIM MALONE/SENATE
95. SUDAN / CONFERENCE (S-ONLY) By KIM REID / CAIRO
96. SUDAN REBELS (L ONLY) By ALEX BELIDA/NAIROBI
97. SUDAN/REBELS UPDATE (L ONLY) By ALEX BELIDA/NAIROBI
98. SUDAN/TALKS (L ONLY) By ALEX BELIDA/NAIROBI
99. SYRIA / KOZYREV (L-ONLY) By KIM REID/CAIRO
100. TERROR TRIAL (L-ONLY) By CHRIS SIMKINS/NEW YORK
--> 101. THE UNITED STATES AND THE NEW EUROPE
102. THE UNITED STATES AND THE NEW EUROPE - SHORT #1
103. THE WINNIE MANDELA AFFAIR By ANDREW N. GUTHRIE/WASHINGTON
104. THURSDAY'S EDITORIALS By ANDREW N. GUTHRIE/WASHINGTON
105. TURKEY VERSUS THE KURDS A N D PUBLIC OPINION By ANDREW N.
GUTHRIE..106. TURKEY/KURDS (L ONLY) By AMBERIN ZAMAN / ANKARA
107. TYSON SPEAKS (S ONLY) By PAUL FRANCUCH/CHICAGO
108. TYSON SPEAKS ALTERNATE (S ONLY) By PARKE BREWER/WASHINGTON
Press?Help,qQuit,uupamenu,DDownloadPage:6/7
voa.124usisbel,
DATE=3/30/95
TYPE=BACKGROUND REPORT
NUMBER=5-20053
TITLE=SCIENCE TODAY: INFANT H-I-V RECOVERY
BYLINE=DAVID MCALARY
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: MEDICAL RESEARCHERS IN LOS ANGELES SAY AN INFANT BORN
INFECTED WITH THE AIDS VIRUS, H-I-V, SOMEHOW BECAME UNINFECTED BY
HIS FIRST BIRTHDAY -- MUCH TO THEIR AMAZEMENT. V-O-A SCIENCE
CORRESPONDENT DAVID MCALARY TELLS US THAT THE INVESTIGATORS DO
NOT KNOW HOW THIS HAPPENED, BUT SUSPECT IT MAY NOT BE THE ONLY
CASE.
TEXT: INCREASING NUMBERS OF WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE ARE
CONTRACTING H-I-V AND PASSING IT TO THEIR BABIES IN THE WOMB OR
DURING BIRTH. ABOUT 40 PERCENT OF AFRICAN BABIES BECOME INFECTED
THIS WAY, WHILE THE TRANSMISSION RATE IS ABOUT 25 PERCENT IN THE
UNITED STATES AND 14 PERCENT IN EUROPE.
INFECTION WITH H-I-V IS NORMALLY A DEATH SENTENCE FOR BABIES AND
ALMOST EVERYONE ELSE WHO GETS IT. BUT AN ARTICLE IN "THE NEW
ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE" [MARCH 30TH ISSUE] SUGGESTS THAT
SOME INFECTED NEWBORNS MAY BE ABLE TO ELIMINATE THE VIRUS
NATURALLY.
RESEARCHERS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA'S LOS ANGELES BRANCH
-- U-C-L-A -- REPORT THE FIRST DOCUMENTED CASE WHERE THIS HAS
HAPPENED. THE DIRECTOR OF THE U-C-L-A AIDS INSTITUTE -- IRVIN
CHEN -- AND COLLEAGUES FOUND H-I-V IN AN INFANT BOY'S BLOOD AT
BIRTH AND THEN TWICE MORE DURING THE NEXT TWO MONTHS. THEY
CONTINUED TO MONITOR THE CHILD AND WERE SURPRISED TO FIND THAT BY
AGE ONE, HE DID NOT HAVE IT -- AND HE HAD NOT BEEN TREATED
FOR THE VIRUS.
// CHEN ACTUALITY //
OUR THINKING WHEN WE FIRST SAW THIS WAS THAT IT MUST
HAVE BEEN SOME KIND OF LABORATORY MISTAKE BECAUSE
SOMETHING LIKE THIS HAD NEVER BEEN DOCUMENTED BEFORE.
// END ACTUALITY //
BUT RE-TESTING OF THE BLOOD SAMPLES CONFIRMED THE FINDING, AND
MR. CHEN SAYS THE BOY STILL HAS NO SYMPTOMS OF H-I-V INFECTION
AT FIVE YEARS OF AGE.
// CHEN ACTUALITY //
IT'S A VERY UNUSUAL CASE. I SUSPECT, THOUGH, THAT
SITUATIONS LIKE THIS MAY HAVE HAPPENED IN THE PAST, BUT
WERE WRITTEN OFF AS LABORATORY MISTAKES. SO NOW OUR
HOPE IS THAT OTHER SCIENTISTS AND CLINICIANS WILL GO
BACK AND LOOK MORE CLOSELY AT SOME OF THE SAMPLES THAT
THEY HAVE TO SEE WHETHER IN FACT THE SAME THING IS
OCCURRING IN OTHER INFANTS -- AND PERHAPS IN ADULTS AS
WELL.
// END ACTUALITY //
THE SCIENTISTS CAN NOT EXPLAIN HOW THE BOY CLEARED H-I-V FROM
HIS BLOOD. THEY DO NOT DISCOUNT THE POSSIBILITY THAT AN
INFECTION IS LURKING, HIDDEN SOMEWHERE IN HIS BODY. BUT THEY DO
NOT BELIEVE SO BECAUSE OF HIS CURRENT HEALTHY STATE.
MR. CHEN SUGGESTS THAT EITHER THE VIRUS MAY HAVE BEEN TOO WEAK TO
ESTABLISH INFECTION, OR THE BABY'S IMMUNE SYSTEM WAS ESPECIALLY
STRONG, OR A COMBINATION OF THE TWO WERE INVOLVED.
BUT A PEDIATRICIAN FAMILIAR WITH THE STUDY -- SANDRA BURCHETT
[BIR - 'CHET] OF CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL IN BOSTON -- SAYS SHE WOULD
BE SURPRISED IF THE BABY'S IMMUNE SYSTEM WAS TOUGH ENOUGH, OR
IMMUNOCOMPETENT ENOUGH, TO FIGHT THE INFECTION BECAUSE THE
SYSTEM
IS UNDEVELOPED AT THAT AGE.
// BURCHETT ACTUALITY //
THIS WOULD BE ONE OF THE FEW INSTANCES WHEN AN INFANT
WHO IS REALLY IMMUNOLOGICALLY INCOMPETENT IN ALMOST ALL
CIRCUMSTANCES COULD DO SOMETHING THAT WE HAVE NOT BEEN
ABLE TO SEE AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT ADULT DO. SO IT'S QUITE
UNUSUAL FOR A VERY YOUNG CHILD TO HAVE AN AVID
IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE. IN GENERAL, THEY GO THE OTHER WAY
AND DON'T HAVE AN APPROPRIATE IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE.
// END ACTUALITY //
DR. BURCHETT AND MR. CHEN SAY WHAT MAY HAVE HAPPENED IS THAT THE
VESTIGES OF THE MOTHER'S IMMUNE CELLS HELPED THE CHILD CLEAR THE
H-I-V FROM ITS BLOOD. THE DEVELOPER OF THE FIRST WIDELY USED
POLIO VACCINE -- JONAS SALK -- AND HIS COLLEAGUES HAVE PROPOSED
THAT MATERNAL ANTIBODIES IN COMBINATION WITH EXPOSURE TO LOW
DOSES OF THE AIDS VIRUS MAY IMMUNIZE AN INFANT.
THE U-C-L-A TEAM IS SEEKING THE ANSWER. MR. CHEN SAYS IF HE
FINDS ONE, IT COULD HAVE PROFOUND IMPLICATIONS FOR AIDS THERAPY.
// CHEN ACTUALITY //
IF WE UNDERSTAND THAT PROCESS -- WHAT ACTUALLY HAPPENED
THERE -- IT WILL GUIDE US FURTHER IN DESIGNING BETTER
VACCINE STRATEGIES FOR OTHER PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT YET
INFECTED, OR DESIGNING APPROACHES TO WEAKEN VIRUSES IN
PEOPLE WHO ARE INFECTED SO THAT THEY MIGHT POSSIBLY
CLEAR IT.
// END ACTUALITY //
THE U-C-L-A SCIENTIST ADDS THAT AN ANSWER IN THIS CASE MIGHT ALSO
HELP EXPLAIN WHY THE MAJORITY OF INFANTS BORN TO H-I-V INFECTED
MOTHERS ESCAPE INFECTION THEMSELVES. (SIGNED)
NEB/DEM/BG
30-Mar-95 3:15 PM EST (2015 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.125usisbel,
DATE=3/30/95
TYPE=NEWS FEATURE
NUMBER=5-20047
TITLE=SCIENCE TODAY: MARS-WATER
BYLINE=STEPHEN G. IRMO
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: AN AMERICAN SCIENTIST SAYS LARGE RESERVOIRS OF WATER MAY
EXIST UNDER THE SURFACE OF MARS. V-O-A'S STEPHEN IRMO REPORTS
THE STUDY -- PUBLISHED IN TODAY'S (THURSDAY'S 3/30) ISSUE OF THE
SCIENCE JOURNAL, "NATURE" -- PROVIDES NEW EVIDENCE THAT SOME OF
MARS' ORIGINAL WARM, WET ATMOSPHERE MAY YET SURVIVE IN THE FORM
OF UNDERGROUND WATER.
TEXT: MOST SCIENTISTS BELIEVE FREE FLOWING WATER ON MARS
DISAPPEARED SEVERAL BILLION YEARS AGO, EVAPORATING INTO THE
PLANET'S COOLING, THINNER ATMOSPHERE -- ONE LACKING SUFFICIENT
PRESSURE TO KEEP THE WATER IN LIQUID FORM.
// OPT // STEVEN LEE, A PLANETARY PHYSICIST AT THE UNIVERSITY OF
COLORADO, DESCRIBES AN EARLIER MARS:
// OPT LEE ACTUALITY //
MARS WAS CONSIDERABLY WARMER. THE ATMOSPHERE WAS MUCH
THICKER THAN IT IS AT PRESENT, AND YOU WERE ABLE TO
SUSTAIN LIQUID WATER ON THE SURFACE. MANY OF THE DRY
RIVER CHANNELS, FOR LACK OF A BETTER WORD, THAT WE SEE
APPEAR TO BE CAUSED PERHAPS WHERE YOU HAD PERMAFROST AND
THEN A VOLCANIC ERUPTION OR SOMETHING THAT MELTED THE
WATER AND THE WATER FLOWED OUT IN A CATASTROPHIC FLOOD.
// END ACTUALITY END OPT //
THOMAS DONAHUE, (PRON: DOHN-AH-WHO) A UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
PHYSICIST STUDYING THE ATMOSPHERES OF PLANETS, SAYS HE HAS MADE
NEW OBSERVATIONS USING METEORITES FROM MARS AND COMPARISONS
WITH
THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE THAT SHOW THERE COULD STILL BE SUB-SURFACE
RESERVIORS OF MARTIAN WATER AT LEAST SEVERAL METERS DEEP:
// DONAHUE ACTUALITY //
THERE ARE MULTITUDES OF LARGE FLOOD PLAINS THAT SHOW
THAT WATER HAS COME GUSHING OUT OF THE INTERIOR FROM
TIME TO TIME AND SPREAD OVER A LARGE AMOUNT OF THE
SURFACE. YOU CAN DO SOME INFORMED SPECULATION AND
ARRIVE AT AN ASSESSMENT OF HOW MUCH WATER YOU WOULD
REQUIRE UNDER THE SURFACE TO MAKE THOSE FLOOD PLAINS AND
YOU COME UP WITH THE ANSWER OF SEVERAL HUNDRED METERS OF
WATER SPREAD UNIFORMLY OVER THE PLANET.
// END ACTUALITY //
THOMAS DONAHUE COMPARED THE RATIO OF DEUTERIUM, A RADIOACTIVE
FORM OF HYDROGEN FOUND IN WATER TO NORMAL HYDROGEN EXISTING IN
BOTH THE MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE AND IN ROCKS FROM THE PLANET'S
SURFACE.
THE MICHIGAN PHYSICIST BELIEVES THE RESULTS PROVIDE THE FIRST
EVIDENCE THAT MARS ONCE HAD AN ACTIVE ATMOSPHERE WITH WATER
CYCLING FROM LIQUID TO GAS, THE SAME PROCESS WHICH ON EARTH TAKES
THE FORM OF RAIN, SNOW AND EVAPORATION. FINDINGS ALSO POINT, HE
SAYS TO LARGE STORES OF WATER WHICH HAVE ONLY BEEN PARTIALLY
DEPLETED.
// DONAHUE ACTUALITY //
MEASUREMENTS CLEARLY SHOW THAT THE WATER UNDER THE
SURFACE IS LIQUID AND CANNOT ONLY INTERACT WITH THOSE
MINERALS IN THOSE METEORITES IN THE CRUST OF MARS AND
ALSO IN THE ATMOSPHERE. SO IT HAS GOT TO BE LIQUID. IT
HAS GOT TO BE ABLE TO MOVE AROUND BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN
THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE INTERIOR.
// END ACTUALITY //
AS TO THE "CANALS" SEEN ON MARS BY EARLY ASTRONOMERS, THOMAS
DONAHUE BELIEVES THEY ARE SIMPLY ARTIFACTS OF THEIR OBSERVERS'
TIMES. PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN OF THE MARTIAN SURFACE BY THE U-S
MARINER AND VIKING MARTIAN MISSIONS, HE MAINTAINS, SHOW NO
CANALS.
STILL THESE SAME IMAGES -- REPLETE WITH APPARENT RIVER CHANNELS
AND FLOOD PLAINS, CONTINUE TO FUEL THE UNLIKELY BUT TANTALIZING
POSSIBILITY THAT WITH WATER -- MARS MAY ONCE HAVE HOSTED OR MAY
YET HARBOR THE MOST SPECTACULAR OF EARTHLY MIRACLES -- LIFE.
(SIGNED)
NEB/SI/CF
30-Mar-95 8:56 AM EST (1356 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.126usisbel,
DATE=3/30/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176314
TITLE=YUGO SITREP (L-ONLY)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=ZAGREB
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: MORE FIGHTING IS REPORTED IN NORTHERN BOSNIA DESPITE
HEAVY SNOW AND UNUSUALLY COLD WEATHER. IN CROATIA, A UNITED
NATIONS MEDIATOR IS HOLDING CRITICAL TALKS WITH THE REBEL SERBS
ON A NEW U-N PEACEKEEPING MANDATE IN CROATIA. V-O-A'S WAYNE
COREY REPORTS FROM ZAGREB.
TEXT: CLASHES HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF NORTHERN
BOSNIA. MUSLIM REBEL FORCES IN THE BIHAC REGION IN THE NORTHWEST
ARE SAID TO HAVE EXPANDED THE AREA THEY CONTROL BY UP TO FIVE
KILOMETERS.
FIGHTING BETWEEN THE BOSNIAN ARMY AND SERB FORCES IS CONTINUING
AT A LOW LEVEL IN THE HILLS AROUND THE GOVERNMENT-HELD TOWN OF
TUZLA.
A U-N SOLDIER WAS KILLED IN THAT AREA WEDNESDAY NIGHT. U-N
SPOKESMAN CHRISTOPHER GUNNESS SAYS ATTEMPTS ARE BEING MADE TO
FIND OUT WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SHELLING THE PEACEKEEPERS
POSITION.
/// GUNNESS ACT ///
I REGRET TO INFORM YOU THAT AT 10 O'CLOCK LAST NIGHT A
DUTCH PEACEKEEPER WAS TRAGICALLY KILLED IN AN AREA ABOUT
10 KILOMETERS SOUTH OF STOLICE WHEN THE OBSERVATION POST
HE WAS MANNING WAS SHELLED.
/// END ACT ///
IN SARAJEVO, THE UNITED NATIONS HAS CUT BACK THE NUMBER OF RELIEF
FLIGHTS GOING INTO THE BESIEGED BOSNIAN CAPITAL. THE SERBS ARE
BLOCKING THE ROAD USED TO TRANSPORT AID FROM THE AIRPORT INTO
SARAJEVO AND THERE IS VERY LITTLE SPACE NOW AT THE AIRPORT TO
STORE ADDITIONAL U-N RELIEF SUPPLIES.
MEANWHILE, UNITED NATIONS MEDIATOR THORVALD STOLTENBERG IS
HOLDING CRITICAL TALKS WITH THE CROATIAN SERBS ON THE U-N
PEACEKEEPING MANDATE IN CROATIA. THE MANDATE EXPIRES FRIDAY
NIGHT. THE SERBS WANT TO EXTEND IT, BUT THE CROATIAN GOVERNMENT
IS DEMANDING A NEW MANDATE.
THE GOVERNMENT WANTS U-N FORCES TO CONTROL CROATIA'S BORDERS
WITH
BOSNIA AND SERBIA. U-N SPOKESMAN MICHAEL WILLIAMS IS WORRIED
ABOUT THE CONFLICTING DEMANDS.
/// WILLIAMS ACT ///
GIVEN THAT WE NOW HAVE LESS THAN 36 HOURS REALLY BEFORE
THE EXPIRATION OF THE MANDATE, IT MAY WELL BE THAT MR.
STOLTENBERG WILL HAVE TO CONTINUE HIS ENDEAVORS (OR
NEGOTIATIONS) AND REPORT BACK IN THE NEAR FUTURE TO THE
SECRETARY-GENERAL AND THE SECURITY COUNCIL ON THE
OPERATIONAL ASPECTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW
MANDATE.
/// END ACT ///
THE SECURITY COUNCIL IS EXPECTED TO PASS A RESOLUTION PERHAPS ON
A FRAMEWORK OR TRANSITIONAL PEACEKEEPING MANDATE FOR CROATIA BY
FRIDAY NIGHT SO CURRENT PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS CAN CONTINUE HERE
FOR THE TIME BEING.
THE PEACEKEEPING MANDATES IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND IN THE
FORMER
YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA ALSO NEED TO BE RENEWED NOW.
THERE WILL BE NO MAJOR CHANGES IN THOSE MANDATES AND NO
PROBLEMS ARE EXPECTED IN EXTENDING THEM. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/SKH/BG
30-Mar-95 11:00 AM EST (1600 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.127usisbel,
DATE=4/2/95
TYPE=BACKGROUND REPORT
NUMBER=5-20076***
TITLE=CLIMATE CONFERENCE 1ST WEEK
BYLINE=EVANS HAYS
DATELINE=BERLIN
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
// EDS: THIS IS THE CORRECT TEXT FOR THE REPORT FILED TODAY.
PLEASE DO NOT USE THE HAYS TEXT SENT EARLIER. ///
// ACTUALITY IN ARABIC AVAILABLE IN LANGUAGE BUBBLE. PLS ADVISE
M/E DIVISION //
INTRO: SOME TWO THOUSAND DELEGATES TO THE UNITED NATIONS
CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE ARE GOING INTO THEIR SECOND WEEK OF
WORK IN BERLIN. THE CONFERENCE IS GOING INTO ITS SECOND AND FINAL
STAGE, WITH MORE SENIOR OFFICIALS AND GOVERNMENT MINISTERS TAKING
PART. THE GOAL OF THE CONFERENCE IS TO WORK OUT A POLICY TO
PROTECT THE EARTH'S ENVIRONMENT BEYOND THE YEAR 2000. BUT JUST
HOW TO ACCOMPLISH THAT -- AND HOW TO PAY FOR IT -- ARE STILL
BEING DEBATED. V-O-A'S EVANS HAYS IS COVERING THE CONFERENCE AND
FILES THIS REPORT.
TEXT: THE BERLIN CONFERENCE IS THE FIRST TO BE HELD SINCE THE
EARTH SUMMIT MEETING IN RIO DE JANEIRO IN 1992. SINCE THEN,
SCIENTISTS HAVE BEEN LOOKING AT A WIDE RANGE OF ISSUES CONCERNING
THE ENVIRONMENT. OF SPECIAL CONCERN IS THE QUESTION: ARE HUMANS
INTERFERING WITH THE CLIMATE IN WAYS THAT CREATE A DANGER TO LIFE
ON EARTH.
MOST SCIENTISTS AND GOVERNMENT DELEGATIONS SAY THE ANSWER IS
"YES." BUT THEY ARE CAUTIOUS IN THEIR ANSWERS BECAUSE NOT ALL
OF THE EVIDENCE IS CONCLUSIVE. RIGHT NOW, THE SCIENTISTS AND
OTHER EXPERTS ARE WORKING ON PROBABILITIES.
PROFESSOR BERT BOLIN OF SWEDEN, WHO HEADS THE CHIEF SCIENTIFIC
PANEL AT THE CONFERENCE, ADMITS THAT EXPERTS STILL HAVE DOUBTS
ON THE ISSUE. BUT HE SAYS THE PROBABILITY OF A MAN-MADE DANGER
TO OUR CLIMATE IS SO GREAT THAT GOVERNMENTS MUST ACT NOW TO
PREVENT A DANGER IN THE FUTURE.
HE BELIEVES THAT THE SO-CALLED GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS OF GASES SUCH
AS METHANE AND CARBON DIOXIDE THAT DESTROY THE ATMOSPHERE MUST
BE
CURBED.
PROFESSOR BOLIN SAYS THERE IS A DELAYED EFFECT IN STUDIES ON
CLIMATE. WHEN SCIENTISTS SEE A CHANGE FOR THE WORSE, THE DAMAGE
HAS ALREADY BEEN DONE AND CAN NOT BE REPAIRED.
// BOLIN ACT //
WHAT WE OBSERVE IS NOT THE FULL EFFECT AS YET BECAUSE
OF THE DELAY, THE INERTIA OF THE CLIMATE SYSTEM. AND
THEREFORE WE DID NOT EXPECT THE REALIZATION OF THE 50
PERCENT INCREASE OF CARBON DIOXIDE, OR 45 AT THAT TIME,
TO BE FULLY SEEN AT ALL.
// END ACT //
PROFESSOR BOLIN SAYS THAT WHILE THE FACTS ARE STILL OPEN TO
DEBATE, THERE IS A GREAT PROBABILITY THAT HUMANS ARE TO BLAME FOR
MUCH OF THE DAMAGE TO THE CLIMATE.
// BOLIN ACT //
IT'S 95 PERCENT PROBABILITY THAT THE CHANGES OBSERVED
ARE NOT NATURAL VARIABILITIES, PRIMARILY. THERE IS
SOME DISTINCTION THERE. WHAT IS COMING FORWARD NOW WITH
THE AID OF (COMPUTER) MODELS IS A BETTER UNDERSTANDING
OF WHAT IS IT THAT MAN DOES WITH THE CLIMATE.
// END ACT //
IF THE SCIENTISTS ARE STILL IN DEBATE, THE INSURANCE COMPANIES
ARE NOT. THEY HAVE LOOKED AT THE MONEY THEY MUST PAY OUT FOR
LOSSES DUE TO WEATHER-RELATED DISASTERS AND THE FIGURES FOR THEM
ARE NOT GOOD.
RICHARD KEELING, FORMERLY OF THE LLOYD'S INSURANCE GROUP, SAYS
THE PAYMENTS RUN INTO MANY BILLIONS OF DOLLARS AND COULD GO
HIGHER. INSURANCE COMPANIES MAKE THEIR PROFITS AND SUFFER THEIR
LOSSES BASED ON EXPECTED RISKS. ACCORDING TO MR. KEELING, THE
RISK OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND MORE NATURAL DISASTERS IS TOO GREAT TO
BE IGNORED.
HE CITED THE EXAMPLE OF HURRICANE ANDREW, WHICH HIT THE SOUTHERN
U-S STATE OF FLORIDA, CAUSING MASSIVE DAMAGE.
// OPT // // KEELING ACT //
TO GIVE YOU AN EXAMPLE, HURRICANE ANDREW WAS A 20-
BILLION-DOLLAR INSURED LOSS. THAT WAS, I THINK, ABOUT
20 OR 30 MILES SOUTH OF MIAMI. IF IT WENT INTO MIAMI THE
ESTIMATES ARE SOMETHING LIKE 50 BILLION DOLLARS.
// END ACT // // END OPT //
MR. KEELING SAYS THIS IS NO PROOF OF GLOBAL WARMING. BUT IT
IS, HE SAYS, A SIGN THAT BUSINESS MUST WAKE UP AND START TAKING
ACTION.
// OPT // // KEELING ACT //
COULD I TAKE THE POINT ABOUT HURRICANE ANDREW BEING PART
OF GLOBAL WARMING. THE ANSWER IS NONE OF US KNOW.
WHAT WE ARE, I THINK, SAYING IS THAT THERE IS A GREAT
BODY OF OPINION THAT SAYS THERE IS A NATURAL CYCLE OF
CATASTROPHIC LOSSES AND SUPER-IMPOSED ON THAT MIGHT WELL
BE GLOBAL WARMING. SO NONE OF US CAN ABSOLUTELY SAY.
WHAT WE ARE SAYING IS THAT WHEN WE CAN ABSOLUTELY PROVE
IT, THE INSURANCE BUSINESS IS PROBABLY IN QUITE A BIT OF
TROUBLE. SO WE HAVE TO START ACTING TO SEE IF WE HAVE A
PROBLEM NOW.
// END ACT // // END OPT //
THE COUNTRIES BEING WIDELY BLAMED FOR THIS WARMING OF THE EARTH'S
CLIMATE ARE THE MAJOR INDUSTRIAL NATIONS, INCLUDING THE UNITED
STATES.
A SPOKESMAN FOR THE WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATION
GREENPEACE,
FOUAD HAMDAN, SAYS THE UNITED STATES HAS N OT REDUCED ITS
GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS AS PROMISED AT THE 1992 RIO MEETING AND NOW
WANTS TO SHIFT THE BLAME FOR THIS ONTO OTHER COUNTRIES, MAINLY
THE OIL EXPORTING NATIONS OF OPEC.
// OPT // // HAMDAN ACT //
OPEC IS NOT THE PROBLEM. RUSSIA IS NOT T HE PROBLEM,
CHINA IS NOT THE PROBLEM. NONE OF THESE COUNTRIES OR
BLOCS ARE A PROBLEM. THE MAIN PROBLEM IS THAT THE
INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS ARE HIDING BEHIND OPEC AND OTHER
COUNTRIES WHO ARE OFFICIALLY BLOCKING A PROTOCOL AT THE
CONFERENCE. THE INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS, MEANING THE
U-S, CANADA, THE EUROPEAN UNION, ARE ABLE TO PRESSURE
ANY OTHER BLOC, MEANING THE OPEC COUNTRIES OR CHINA OR
THE FORMER SOVIET UNION TO ENFORCE A PROTOCOL. BUT THEY
DON'T WANT IT FOR POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC REASONS.
// END ACT // // END OPT //
OTHER OFFICIALS REJECT THIS NOTION. THEY SAY THE INDUSTRIALIZED
NATIONS ARE WORKING TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT, ALTHOUGH NOT
PERHAPS AT THE SPEED DESIRED BY SOME DELEGATIONS.
WITH ANOTHER WEEK TO GO AT THE CONFERENCE IN BERLIN, MORE
ARGUMENTS FOR BOTH SIDES ARE ALMOST CERTAIN TO BECOME MORE
HEATED. (SIGNED)
NEB/EH/DW/BG
02-Apr-95 1:15 PM EDT (1715 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.128usisbel,
DATE=4/2/95
TYPE=BACKGROUND REPORT
NUMBER=5-20076
TITLE=CLIMATE CONFERENCE/U-S
BYLINE=EVANS HAYS
DATELINE=BERLIN
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE U-N CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE IN BERLIN IS ABOUT
HALF-WAY THROUGH ITS TWO-WEEKS OF WORK. THE CONFERENCE IS A
FOLLOW-UP TO THE 1992 EARTH SUMMIT MEETING IN RIO DE JANEIRO.
ABOUT TWO-THOUSAND DELEGATES FROM GOVERNMENTS AND PRIVATE
ORGANIZATIONS ARE TRYING TO MAP OUT AN AGENDA TO PROTECT THE
EARTH'S ENVIRONMENT BEYOND THE YEAR 2000. V-O-A'S EVANS HAYS IS
COVERING THE CONFERENCE. IN THIS REPORT, HE SPEAKS WITH THE
CHIEF OF THE U-S DELEGATION, RAFE POMERANCE, ABOUT THE
CONFERENCE'S GOALS.
TEXT: THE VERY NAME -- CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE -- MAY LEAD SOME
PEOPLE TO BELIEVE THE TWO-THOUSAND OR SO DELEGATES IN BERLIN ARE
TAKING ACTION THAT WILL CHANGE TOMORROW'S WEATHER. AS U-S
DELEGATION CHIEF RAFE POMERANCE EXPLAINED TO V-O-A, THE
CONFERENCE IS DEALING INSTEAD WITH LONG-TERM ISSUES THAT MAY
CHANGE THE EARTH'S WEATHER PATTERNS, BUT NOT TOMORROW OR NEXT
WEEK.
/// INSERT 1ST POMERANCE ACT ///
THIS CONFERENCE IS REALLY ABOUT A LONG-TERM CHANGE IN
CLIMATE, THAT WILL ULTIMATELY EFFECT THE WEATHER PEOPLE
EXPERIENCE. FOR THE PAST 200-YEARS, HUMAN BEINGS HAVE
BEEN, THROUGH A VARIETY OF ACTIVITIES, PUTTING LARGE
QUANTITIES OF GASSES IN THE ATMOSPHERE THAT HAVE LONG
LIFETIMES. THOSE GASSES TRAP HEAT. THAT IN TURN MEANS
THE EARTH WILL WARM. THAT IN TURN MEANS THE WEATHER
WILL CHANGE.
// END 1ST ACT //
MR. POMERANCE SAYS SCIENTISTS CAN DESCRIBE THE OVERALL PROBLEM,
EVEN THOUGH THEY CANNOT PREDICT EXACTLY WHERE AND WHEN THE
WEATHER WILL CHANGE.
/// INSERT 2ND ACT ///
SCIENTISTS ARE UNABLE TO PREDICT WITH GREAT SPECIFICITY
HOW THE WEATHER WILL CHANGE IN A PARTICULAR LOCATION,
HOW PRECIPITATION WILL CHANGE, WHETHER THERE WILL BE
MORE DROUGHTS, WHETHER THERE WILL BE MORE OR LESS
FLOODS. BUT, THEY CAN CHARACTERIZE THE PROBLEM AND
CERTAINLY WE WILL SEE LARGE-SCALE CHANGES IN REGIONAL
WEATHER PATTERNS, CHANGES IN RAINFALL, CHANGES IN
SNOWFALL, CHANGES WHERE THE NATURAL WORLD EXISTS.
TREES, FORESTS, THEY ALL LIVE IN CERTAIN TEMPERATURE
RANGES, ALL THAT WILL CHANGE.
/// END ACT ///
MR. POMERANCE SAYS THERE IS NO DOUBT THE CLIMATE IS CHANGING.
THE EARTH IS BECOMING WARMER, A FACT SCIENTISTS CAN PROVE. BUT,
WHAT SCIENTISTS STILL NEED TO PROVE IS WHETHER THIS CHANGE IS
MAN-MADE OR A REGULAR, NATURAL VARIATION.
/// INSERT 3RD ACT ///
RIGHT NOW THE EARTH IS ABOUT HALF A DEGREE CENTIGRADE
WARMER ON AVERAGE THAN IT WAS 100-YEARS AGO, IT HAS
WARMED UP ABOUT ONE-HALF DEGREE CENTIGRADE. THAT IS
RIGHT AT THE EDGE OF NATURAL VARIABILITY. IF IT GETS
ANY WARMER THEN IT WILL BE MUCH MORE LIKELY THE WARMING
WILL BE ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT. AND THEN
WE WILL BEGIN TO SEE WEATHER CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH IT.
/// END ACT ///
BUT, MANY SCIENTISTS SAY BY THEN IT WILL BE TOO LATE TO REVERSE
THE DAMAGE. THEY SAY THE TIME FOR ACTION IS NOW. (SIGNED)
NEB/EH/DW/RAE
02-Apr-95 7:40 AM EDT (1140 UTC)
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voa.129usisbel,
DATE=4/1/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176437
TITLE=CROATIA/U-N (L)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=ZAGREB
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: CROATIA IS CLAIMING A DIPLOMATIC VICTORY BY FORCING THE
UNITED NATIONS TO RENAME THE U-N MILITARY PRESENCE IN THE COUNTRY
AND TO COME UP WITH A NEW MANDATE FOR THE PEACEKEEPERS. BUT THE
CROATIAN SERBS ARE WARNING THEY MAY NOT ALLOW THE PEACEKEEPERS
TO CONTINUE TO BE DEPLOYED IN THEIR TERRITORY. V-O-A'S WAYNE
COREY REPORTS FROM ZAGREB.
TEXT: CROATIAN FOREIGN MINISTER MANTE GRANIC SAYS THE UNITED
NATIONS RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL REAFFIRMS
CROATIA'S SOVEREIGNTY AND TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY. HE WAS
REFERRING TO A CHANGE IN THE NAME OF WHAT HAS BEEN CALLED THE
"U-N PROTECTION FORCE" HERE. THE 12-THOUSAND PEACEKEEPERS
DEPLOYED IN THIS COUNTRY ARE NOW CALLED THE "U-N CONFIDENCE
RESTORATION OPERATION IN CROATIA."
THE CROATIAN GOVERNMENT HAD DEMANDED THE NAME CHANGE. THE
GOVERNMENT INSISTED THAT PEACEKEEPERS SHOULD NOT BE OFFICIALLY IN
CROATIA TO PROTECT THE REBEL SERBS.
FOREIGN MINISTER GRANIC SAYS THE DIFFERENT NAME AND A CHANGE IN
THE PEACEKEEPERS' MANDATE -- STILL TO BE NEGOTIATED -- WILL
ENCOURAGE TALKS ON THE PEACEFUL REINTEGRATION OF SERB TERRITORY
WITH THE REST OF CROATIA.
BUT THE SERB LEADER, MILAN MARTIC, IS WARNING THAT THE SERBS WILL
NOT ALLOW U-N PEACEKEEPERS IN THEIR TERRITORY TO CONTROL
CROATIA'S BORDERS WITH BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND YUGOSLAVIA, AS THE
GOVERNMENT DEMANDS.
THE SERBS NEED THE PEACEKEEEPERS, THOUGH, MORE THAN THE
GOVERNMENT DOES. EVEN THE SMALLER NUMBER OF PEACEKEEPERS WHO
WILL REMAIN HERE WILL STILL INDIRECTLY HELP PROTECT THE SERBS
FROM CROATIAN ARMY ATTACKS.
AT THE SAME TIME, U-N OFFICIALS IN ZAGREB HAVE AGAIN SAID STRICT
U-N CONTROLS OF CROATIA'S BORDERS, DEMANDED BY THE GOVERNMENT,
ARE SIMPLY NOT FEASIBLE. THE OFFICIALS SAY THE COUNTRIES THAT
PROVIDE THE PEACEKEEPERS ARE NOT GOING TO HAVE THEIR TROOPS
ENFORCE PEACE IN CROATIA.
U-N MEDIATOR THORVALD STOLTENBERG WILL SOON RESUME NEGOTIATIONS
WHERE THE GOVERNMENT AND THE SERBS ON DETAILS OF THE NEW U-N
MANDATE. MR. STOLTENBERG IS ALSO EXPECTED TO MEET WITH SERBIAN
PRESIDENT SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC IN BELGRADE, POSSIBLY NEXT WEEK.
THE FRAMEWORK RESOLUTION ADOPTED BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL HAS
BOUGHT TIME FOR THESE NEGOTIATIONS TO BE CARRIED OUT WHILE THE
PEACEKEEPERS DO WHAT THEY HAVE BEEN DOING. BUT THE U-N PRESENCE
HERE COULD FACE SERIOUS NEW PROBLEMS WITHIN A FEW WEEKS IF THE
GOVERNMENT AND THE SERBS STILL DISAGREE ABOUT THE NEW
PEACEKEEPING MANDATE. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/CB-T/GPT
01-Apr-95 2:58 PM EST (1958 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.130usisbel,
DATE=4/1/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176430
TITLE=CROATIA/U-N (S ONLY)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=ZAGREB
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING FORCE IN CROATIA HAS A NEW
NAME AND A RENEWED LEASE ON LIFE FOLLOWING SECURITY COUNCIL
ACTION IN NEW YORK. BUT IT IS NOT CLEAR WHAT KIND OF NEW MANDATE
THE PEACEKEEPERS WILL HAVE. VOA'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM
ZAGREB.
TEXT: THE U-N PROTECTION FORCE HERE IS NOW CALLED "U-N
CONFIDENCE RESTORATION OPERATION IN CROATIA."
GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ARE HAPPY BECAUSE THE NEW TITLE IMPLIES
GOVERNMENT SOVEREIGNTY OVER REBEL SERB-HELD AREAS OF THE
COUNTRY.
A U-N SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION CONFIRMS THE PEACEKEEPING
FORCE'S NEW NAME. THE RESOLUTION ALSO SAYS THE PEACEKEEPERS WILL
HELP CONTROL CROATIA'S BORDERS WITH BOSNIA AND SERBIA. THIS IS TO
BE DONE BY MONITORING AND REPORTING ON MILITARY MOVEMENTS
ACROSS
THE FRONTIERS.
BUT U-N MEDIATOR THORVALD STOLTENBERG MUST NEGOTIATE THE DETAILS
WITH THE CROATIAN GOVERNMENT AND THE REBEL SERBS.
THE SERBS WANT PEACEKEEPERS TO REMAIN IN CROATIA. BUT THEY
OPPOSE THE U-N FORCE'S NEW TITLE AND THEY HAVE SAID THEY WILL
ALLOW NO BORDER CONTROLS BECAUSE THEY NEED OUTSIDE AID.
U-N OFFICIALS SAY THE U-N BORDER CONTROLS THE CROATIAN GOVERNMENT
HAS DEMANDED ARE JUST NOT FEASABLE, SO THERE ARE STILL DOUBTS
ABOUT THE FUTURE OF THE U-N MILITARY PRESENCE IN CROATIA.
(SIGNED)
NEB/WC/DW/GPT
01-Apr-95 9:59 AM EST (1459 UTC)
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voa.131usisbel,
DATE=3/31/95
TYPE=BACKGROUND REPORT
NUMBER=5-20072
TITLE=U-N WEEK-IN-REVIEW
BYLINE=ELAINE JOHANSON
DATELINE=UNITED NATIONS
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RE-STRUCTURES ITS
PEACEKEEPING OPERATION IN THE BALKANS, AS INTERNATIONAL MEDIATORS
GROPE FOR A POLITICAL SETTLEMENT; SECRETARY-GENERAL BOUTROS
BOUTROS-GHALI GOES TO HAITI AS THE UNITED STATES HANDS OVER
PEACEKEEPING COMMAND TO THE UNITED NATIONS; AND REPRESENTATIVES
FROM OVER 40 COUNTRIES OPEN A CONFERENCE TO REGULATE OVER-FISHING
ON THE HIGH SEAS. V-O-A'S CORRESPONDENT ELAINE JOHANSON REVIEWS
THE MAIN DEVELOPMENTS OF THE PAST WEEK:
TEXT: THE SECURITY COUNCIL ADOPTED A PACKAGE OF RESOLUTIONS
DISSOLVING -- IN EFFECT -- ITS PEACEKEEPING OPERATION IN THE
FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AS IT HAS EXISTED SINCE 1992. IT CREATED THREE
SEPARATE FORCES WITH THEIR OWN COMMANDS -- THOUGH STILL UNDER THE
CONTROL OF A U-N CIVILIAN.
THE RE-STRUCTURING WAS IN RESPONSE TO CROATIA'S DEMAND FOR MORE
INTENSE BORDER PATROLS TO STOP SUPPLIES FROM REACHING ITS REBEL
SERBS. THE U-N FORCE IN CROATIA WILL BE REDUCED OVERALL.
DETAILS OF DEPLOYMENT AND PRECISE NUMBERS ARE TO BE NEGOTIATED
OVER THE NEXT THREE WEEKS WITH THE ZAGREB GOVERNMENT. WHILE
OFFICIALS IN THE REGION ARE CONSULTING THE SO-CALLED KRAJINA
SERBS, CROATIA INSISTS ON HAVING THE FINAL SAY OVER THE
ARRANGEMENTS.
A DIPLOMATIC DEADLOCK WAS BROKEN BEFORE THE COUNCIL VOTE WHEN
MEMBERS AGREED TO CROATIA'S DEMAND THAT THE WORD "CROATIA" BE
INCLUDED IN THE NAME OF THE FORCE ON ITS TERRITORY. IT WAS
ZAGREB'S WAY OF ASSERTING ITS TERRITORIAL RIGHTS OVER THE
ONE-THIRD OF CROATIA HELD BY REBEL SERB FORCES.
THE OPERATIONS IN MACEDONIA AND BOSNIA REMAIN THE SAME. ALL
THREE WERE EXTENDED UNTIL NOVEMBER 30TH.
IN THE RESOLUTION ON CROATIA -- THE SECURITY COUNCIL NOTED THAT
THE NEW FORCE WOULD BE AN INTERIM ARRANGEMENT UNTIL A
NEGOTIATED
SETTLEMENT IS REACHED. CROATIA HAS REPEATEDLY EXPRESSED
IMPATIENCE WITH THE U-N PRESENCE AS REINFORCING THE STATUS QUO.
-0-
SENIOR DIPLOMATS AND U-N OFFICIALS HEADED TOWARD HAITI THIS WEEK,
AS THE UNITED STATES TRANSFERRED PEACEKEEPING AUTHORITY FROM A
U-S LED FORCE TO UNITED NATIONS TROOPS. THE UNITED STATES
INTERVENED LAST SEPTEMBER TO ENSURE THE SAFE RETURN OF PRESIDENT
JEAN BERTRAND ARISTIDE, WHO HAD BEEN OUSTED IN A MILITARY COUP
THREE YEARS EARLIER.
THE SECURITY COUNCIL HAD AUTHORIZED THE HAND-OVER AFTER
DETERMINING THAT THE SITUATION IN HAITI IS SUFFICIENTLY STABLE.
ABOUT SIX-THOUSAND U-N TROOPS FROM 19 COUNTRIES WILL PARTICIPATE
IN THE NEW U-N MISSION -- INCLUDING 24-HUNDRED AMERICAN SOLDIERS.
-0-
THE SECURITY COUNCIL DECIDED TO KEEP UNCHANGED THE SANCTIONS IT
IMPOSED ON LIBYA IN 1992 BECAUSE OF LIBYA'S FAILURE TO SURRENDER
TWO SUSPECTS IN THE 1988 BOMBING OF AN AMERICAN AIRLINER OVER
SCOTLAND. LIBYA INSISTS IT HAD NOTHING TO DO WITH THE INCIDENT
AND -- UNDER ITS OWN LAWS -- CANNOT TURN ITS NATIONALS OVER TO A
FOREIGN GOVERNMENT.
THE UNITED STATES AND BRITAIN ARE DEMANDING THAT THE SUSPECTS
STAND TRIAL IN EITHER AN AMERICAN OR BRITISH COURT.
THE UNITED STATES URGED THE COUNCIL TO CONSIDER TOUGHER MEASURES.
BUT IT ABANDONED HOPES OF IMPOSING AN OIL EMBARGO ON LIBYA
BECAUSE IT LACKED SUFFICIENT SUPPORT. LIBYA EXPORTS OIL TO
SEVERAL EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
-0-
FISH THAT SWIM IN AND OUT OF COASTAL WATERS WERE THE CENTRAL
ISSUE OF A CRITICAL U-N MEETING THAT OPENED THIS PAST WEEK.
DELEGATES FROM OVER 40 COUNTRIES ARE TRYING TO WORK OUT LEGAL
GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTING OVER-FISHING ON THE HIGH SEAS.
A CURRENT DISPUTE BETWEEN CONSERVATION-MINDED CANADA AND SPAIN
LENT DRAMATIC URGENCY TO THE NEGOTIATIONS. CANADIAN AND
EUROPEAN
MINISTERS TRADED CHARGES IN NEW YORK -- AS CANADIAN AUTHORITIES
MAINTAINED A STAND-OFF WITH SPANISH TRAWLERS OFF THE CANADIAN
COAST. CANADA HAD SEIZED ONE VESSEL, SNIPPED ITS NET AND BROUGHT
IT DOWN TO NEW YORK HARBOR TO DISPLAY TO JOURNALISTS.
CANADA UNILATERALLY HAD DECLARED A ZONE OUTSIDE ITS TERRITORIAL
WATERS OFF-LIMITS TO FISHING -- GIVING ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN AS
ITS JUSITIFICATION. THE DEPLETION OF CERTAIN STOCKS HAS ALSO
THROWN CANADIAN FISHERFOLK OUT OF WORK.
ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS ARGUE THERE ARE TOO MANY FLEETS GOING
AFTER
TOO FEW FISH. THEY WANT GOVERNMENTS TO REGULATE THE PROCESS.
(SIGNED)
NEB/PT
31-Mar-95 7:39 PM EST (0039 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.132usisbel,
DATE=4/2/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176467
TITLE=YUGO / SITREP (L)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=ZAGREB
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: FIGHTING HAS PICKED UP AGAIN IN NORTHERN
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AFTER UNUSUALLY BAD WEATHER LIMITED MILITARY
ACTIVITY. FOLLOWING A NEW GOVERNMENT OFFENSIVE IN THE NORTHEAST,
SERB AND MUSLIM REBEL FORCES APPEAR TO HAVE LAUNCHED A
COORDINATED OFFENSIVE IN THE MUSLIM ENCLAVE OF BIHAC, IN THE
NORTHWEST. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM ZAGREB.
TEXT: BOSNIAN AND CROATIAN SERB FORCES AND BOSNIAN MUSLIM REBELS
ARE SAID TO HAVE ATTACKED A GOVERNMENT-HELD TOWN NEAR THE REBEL
STRONGHOLD IN THE TOWN OF VELIKA KLADUSA.
UNITED NATIONS OFFICIALS HEAR IN ZAGREB SAY THE SERBS AND MUSLIM
REBELS LAUNCHED AT LEAST TWO FIERCE ATTACKS. THE OFFICIALS SAY
THE ATTACKS ARE THE LATEST INDICATIONS THAT THE ANTI-GOVERNMENT
FORCES MAY HAVE BEGUN AN OFFENSIVE IN THE BIHAC ENCLAVE.
THE MUSLIM REBEL LEADER, FIKRET ABDIC CLAIMS IT WILL ONLY BE A
MATTER OF DAYS BEFORE HE GAINS CONTROL OF THE ENTIRE ENCLAVE.
SERB GUNNERS HAVE ALSO SHELLED THE MAIN TOWN OF BIHAC AGAIN. BUT
THERE APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN NO CIVILIAN CASUALTIES IN THE U-N -
DECLARED SAFE AREA.
THE U-N COMMAND IN SARAJEVO RECENTLY RENEWED A WARNING OF
POSSIBLE NATO AIRSTRIKES AGAINST THE SERBS IF THEY ATTACK SAFE
AREAS AND DELIBERATELY TARGET CIVILIANS.
THE SERBS WERE PUT ON NOTICE THAT THE NEW U-N COMMANDER IN
BOSNIA, BRITISH GENERAL RUPERT SMITH, WOULD BE MORE INCLINED THAN
HIS PREDECESSOR TO TAKE FORCEFUL ACTION AGAINST VIOLATIONS OF U-N
RESOLUTIONS ON BOSNIA.
BOSNIAN SERB LEADER RADOVAN KARADZIC IMMEDIATELY WARNED THAT
HE
WOULD REGARD U-N PEACEKEEPERS AS ENEMIES IF THERE ARE MORE NATO
AIRSTRIKES AGAINST HIS FORCES.
THE UNITED NATIONS HAS NOW BACKED DOWN. U-N OFFICIALS IN ZAGREB
SAY THERE WILL BE NO CHANGE IN THE CAUTIOUS POLICY OF ONLY
REQUESTING NATO AIRSTRIKES IN EXTREME CIRCUMSTANCES.
IN NORTHEASTERN BOSNIA, SHELLING ATTACKS HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN
THE MOUNTAINS, NEAR THE GOVERNMENT-HELD TOWN OF TUZLA, WHERE A
BOSNIAN ARMY OFFENSIVE HAS BEEN STALLED BECAUSE OF BAD WEATHER.
A MAJOR GOVERNMENT OBJECTIVE IN THE TUZLA REGION IS TO CAPTURE AN
IMPORTANT SERB COMMUNICATIONS TOWER INTACT.
GOVERNMENT TROOPS HAVE ALREADY CAPTURED A SIMILAR TOWER NEAR
THE
TOWN OF TRAVNIK IN CENTRAL BOSNIA, BUT THAT ONE WAS EVIDENTLY
DAMAGED DURING THE FIGHTING. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/BD-T/LWM
02-Apr-95 5:56 PM EDT (2156 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.133usisbel,
DATE=4/2/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176463
TITLE=YUGO SITREP (S)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=ZAGREB
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: HEAVY FIGHTING WAS REPORTED SUNDAY IN THE MAINLY MUSLIM
ENCLAVE OF BIHAC, IN NORTHWESTERN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA. SERB AND
MUSLIM REBEL FORCES MAY BE LAUNCHING A MAJOR OFFENSIVE AGAINST
GOVERNMENT TROOPS IN THE REGION. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS
FROM ZAGREB.
TEXT: SARAJEVO RADIO SAYS ALMOST THE ENTIRE BATTLEFRONT IN THE
BIHAC ENCLAVE IS IN FLAMES AND AN AMATEUR RADIO REPORT QUOTED BY
THE RADIO SAYS EVERYTHING IS BURNING BECAUSE OF SERB AND MUSLIM
REBEL SHELLING ATTACKS.
THE UNITED NATIONS COMMAND IN SARAJEVO CAN ONLY CONFIRM
MODERATE
SHELLING IN THE AREA AROUND VELIKA KLODUSA, THE MUSLIM REBEL
STRONGHOLD.
A U-N SPOKESMAN IN ZAGREB SAYS THE SERBS AND MUSLIM REBELS HAVE
ATTACKED A GOVERNMENT HELD TOWN NEAR VELIKA KLODUSA. U-N
SOURCES
SAY A MAJOR SERB AND REBEL OFFENSIVE MAY BE UNDERWAY IN THE BIHAC
ENCLAVE.
U-N SOURCES ALSO SAY SERB GUNNERS HAVE SHELLED THE MAIN TOWN OF
BIHAC -- A U-N DECLARED SAFE AREA. DETAILS OF CASUALTIES OR
DAMAGE ARE NOT AVAILABLE. U-N MILITARY OBSERVERS SAY THERE IS
ADDITIONAL FIGHTING BETWEEN THE BOSNIAN ARMY AND BOSNIAN SERB
FORCES IN
THE MOUNTAINS AROUND THE TOWN OF TUZLA, IN NORTHEASTERN BOSNIA.
A GOVERNMENT OFFENSIVE IN THAT AREA STALLED EARLIER BECAUSE OF
UNUSUALLY COLD WEATHER AND SNOW. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/T-BP/BG
02-Apr-95 2:56 PM EDT (1856 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.134usisbel,
DATE=4/3/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176509
TITLE=BOSNIA SITREP (L)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=ZAGREB
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: HEAVY FIGHTING IS REPORTING CONTINUING BETWEEN
SERB-BACKED MUSLIM REBELS AND GOVERNMENT TROOPS IN THE MUSLIM
ENCLAVE OF BIHAC IN NORTHWESTERN BOSNIA. THE MAIN TOWN THERE HAS
BEEN SHELLED AGAIN, AND U-N OFFICIALS HAVE ASKED NATO TO FLY
WARPLANES OVER THE AREA. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM
ZAGREB.
TEXT: BOSNIAN AND CROATIAN SERBS AND THEIR MUSLIM REBEL ALLIES
HAVE KEPT UP THEIR GROUND AND SHELLING ATTACKS ON GOVERNMENT
TROOPS ON THE BIHAC ENCLAVE.
SARAJEVO RADIO REPORTS INTENSE FIGHTING AND SAYS THE SERB AND
MUSLIM REBEL ATTACKS HAVE BEEN BEATEN BACK. THE RADIO SAYS
BOSNIAN ARMY POSITIONS CONTINUE TO BE SHELLED.
SERB GUNNERS HAVE ALSO KEPT UP WHAT IS BECOMING THEIR DAILY
SHELLING OF THE MAIN TOWN OF BIHAC, A U-N DECLARED SAFE AREA.
U-N OFFICIALS HAVE ASKED NATO TO SEND WARPLANES OVER THE AREA AS
A WARNING TO THE SERBS.
A U-N SPOKESMAN HERE IN ZAGREB SAID FIVE ARTILLERY SHELLS HIT THE
SAFE AREA MONDAY MORNING. HE SAYS THERE ARE NO IMMEDIATE
REPORTS OF CIVILIAN CASUALTIES, BUT ONE U-N MILITARY OBSERVER WAS
SLIGHTLY WOUNDED.
U-N OFFICIALS BELIEVE THE SERBS AND MUSLIM REBELS MAY HAVE
LAUNCHED AN OFFENSIVE TO TRY TO CAPTURE MORE TERRITORY IN THE
BIHAC REGION IF NOT ALL OF THE ENCLAVE.
THE REGION IS STRATEGICALLY IMPORTANT TO BOTH THE BOSNIAN AND
CROATIAN SERBS, PARTLY BECAUSE OF A RAIL LINE THAT PASSES THROUGH
IT.
FRESH SERB SHELLING ATTACKS ARE ALSO REPORTED IN OTHER REGIONS OF
NORTHERN BOSNIA AND IN THE MOUNTAINS AROUND THE
GOVERNMENT-HELD
TOWN OF TRAVNIK, IN THE CENTER OF THE COUNTRY. SARAJEVO RADIO
SAYS GOVERNMENT FORCES ARE HOLDING THEIR POSITIONS AROUND
TRAVNIK.
MEANWHILE, IN SARAJEVO, THE STRONGLY PRO-GOVERNMENT AMERICAN
AMBASSADOR, VICTOR YACKEVICH, AND MEMBERS OF HIS STAFF ARE TO BE
TRANSFERRED LATER THIS MONTH. THE AMBASSADOR SAYS THE TRANSFERS
ARE ROUTINE ROTATIONS, BUT HE IS BELIEVED TO HAVE HAD POLICY
DIFFERENCES WITH THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/SKH/JWH
03-Apr-95 11:51 AM EDT (1551 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.135usisbel,
DATE=4/3/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176509*
TITLE=BOSNIA SITREP (L)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=ZAGREB
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
/// EDS: RE-ISSUING, CORRECING SPELLING OF NAME IN LAST GRAPH
OF TEXT ///
INTRO: HEAVY FIGHTING IS REPORTING CONTINUING BETWEEN
SERB-BACKED MUSLIM REBELS AND GOVERNMENT TROOPS IN THE MUSLIM
ENCLAVE OF BIHAC IN NORTHWESTERN BOSNIA. THE MAIN TOWN THERE HAS
BEEN SHELLED AGAIN, AND U-N OFFICIALS HAVE ASKED NATO TO FLY
WARPLANES OVER THE AREA. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM
ZAGREB.
TEXT: BOSNIAN AND CROATIAN SERBS AND THEIR MUSLIM REBEL ALLIES
HAVE KEPT UP THEIR GROUND AND SHELLING ATTACKS ON GOVERNMENT
TROOPS ON THE BIHAC ENCLAVE.
SARAJEVO RADIO REPORTS INTENSE FIGHTING AND SAYS THE SERB AND
MUSLIM REBEL ATTACKS HAVE BEEN BEATEN BACK. THE RADIO SAYS
BOSNIAN ARMY POSITIONS CONTINUE TO BE SHELLED.
SERB GUNNERS HAVE ALSO KEPT UP WHAT IS BECOMING THEIR DAILY
SHELLING OF THE MAIN TOWN OF BIHAC, A U-N DECLARED SAFE AREA.
U-N OFFICIALS HAVE ASKED NATO TO SEND WARPLANES OVER THE AREA AS
A WARNING TO THE SERBS.
A U-N SPOKESMAN HERE IN ZAGREB SAID FIVE ARTILLERY SHELLS HIT THE
SAFE AREA MONDAY MORNING. HE SAYS THERE ARE NO IMMEDIATE
REPORTS OF CIVILIAN CASUALTIES, BUT ONE U-N MILITARY OBSERVER WAS
SLIGHTLY WOUNDED.
U-N OFFICIALS BELIEVE THE SERBS AND MUSLIM REBELS MAY HAVE
LAUNCHED AN OFFENSIVE TO TRY TO CAPTURE MORE TERRITORY IN THE
BIHAC REGION IF NOT ALL OF THE ENCLAVE.
THE REGION IS STRATEGICALLY IMPORTANT TO BOTH THE BOSNIAN AND
CROATIAN SERBS, PARTLY BECAUSE OF A RAIL LINE THAT PASSES THROUGH
IT.
FRESH SERB SHELLING ATTACKS ARE ALSO REPORTED IN OTHER REGIONS OF
NORTHERN BOSNIA AND IN THE MOUNTAINS AROUND THE
GOVERNMENT-HELD
TOWN OF TRAVNIK, IN THE CENTER OF THE COUNTRY. SARAJEVO RADIO
SAYS GOVERNMENT FORCES ARE HOLDING THEIR POSITIONS AROUND
TRAVNIK.
MEANWHILE, IN SARAJEVO, THE STRONGLY PRO-GOVERNMENT AMERICAN
AMBASSADOR, VICTOR JACKOVICH, AND MEMBERS OF HIS STAFF ARE TO
BE TRANSFERRED LATER THIS MONTH. THE AMBASSADOR SAYS THE
TRANSFERS ARE ROUTINE ROTATIONS, BUT HE IS BELIEVED TO HAVE HAD
POLICY DIFFERENCES WITH THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/SKH/JWH
03-Apr-95 11:56 AM EDT (1556 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.136usisbel,
DATE=4/3/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176496
TITLE=BOSNIA SITREP (S)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=ZAGREB
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
// EDITORS NOTE: A LONG CR IS EXPECTED BY 15 GMT //
INTRO: INTENSE FIGHTING IS REPORTED CONTINUING BETWEEN
SERB-BACKED MUSLIM REBELS AND GOVERNMENT TROOPS IN THE MUSLIM
ENCLAVE OF BIHAC, IN NORTHWESTERN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA. THE MAIN
TOWN OF BIHAC HAS ALSO BEEN SHELLED AGAIN. VOA'S WAYNE COREY
REPORTS FROM ZAGREB.
TEXT: GOVERNMENT-CONTROLLED SARAJEVO RADIO REPORTS INTENSE SERB
AND MUSLIM REBEL ATTACKS ON GOVERNMENT POSITIONS AROUND THE
TOWN
OF VELIKA KLADUSA.
THE RADIO SAYS BOSNIAN ARMY TROOPS BEAT BACK TANK-SUPPORTED
GROUND ATTACKS. BUT FIERCE SHELLING OF GOVERNMENT DEFENSE LINES
IS SAID TO BE CONTINUING.
AT THE SAME TIME, THE UNITED NATIONS DECLARED SAFE AREA IN AND
AROUND THE MAIN TOWN OF BIHAC HAS BEEN SHELLED AGAIN. A U-N
SPOKESMAN HERE IN ZAGREB SAID FIVE ARTILLERY SHELLS HIT THE SAFE
AREA. IT IS NOT KNOWN IF THERE WERE ANY CIVILIAN CASUALTIES.
SERB SHELLING ATTACKS ARE ALSO REPORTED IN OTHER AREAS OF
NORTHERN BOSNIA AND AROUND THE GOVERNMENT-HELD TOWN OF
TRAVNIK,
IN CENTRAL BOSNIA.
SARAJEVO RADIO SAYS CIVILIANS IN TRAVNIK HAVE BEEN IN SHELTERS
SINCE EARLY MONDAY BECAUSE OF THE SERB MILITARY ACTIVITY IN THE
AREA. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/SKH/CF
03-Apr-95 9:15 AM EDT (1315 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.137usisbel,
DATE=4/3/95
TYPE=CURRENT AFFAIRS FEATURE
NUMBER=3-21483
TITLE=DIGITAL CLASSROOMS (L)
BYLINE=ZLATICA HOKE
TELEPHONE=619-2297 / 619-2789
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=NANCY SMART
CONTENT=
INTRO: Telecommunications experts predict new technology will
transform 21st century schools in the United States.
Two Washington area communications specialists say by
the year 2010 computers will link classrooms with the
world and change the role of teachers. And some
students are looking forward to it. Zlatica Hoke
prepared the following report:
TEXT: New computer technology enables people to have better
connection between their home, school, work place and
libraries. According to Dr. Linda Roberts, special
adviser on education technology at the U-S Department of
Education, communication in the classroom is on the
verge of great change.
TAPE CUT ONE ROBERTS 0:30:
"What we are aimed at is to significantly expand the use
of technology to help kids learn in every subject matter
area and to use this technology wisely when we are
talking about distance learning or inter-active
multi-media. So our focus is on effective practices.
We have just provided money for every state to do
significant planning with technology, te help them
achieve the national goals.
TEXT: Stanley Johnson is a teacher at Jefferson Junior High
School in Washington, D.C., and a consultant for a
number of educational projects. Jefferson School has
one of the best computer-oriented programs in the area.
TAPE CUT TWO JOHNSON 0:23:
"We are actively receiving satellite down-links, the
distance learning programs through the D.C. public
school system. We have Channel One, we have tie-in
programming, and tie-in satellite programming and we are
also involved in an ongoing telecommunication project
with Apple computer, PBS (Public Television) and WETA,
which is our local PBS affiliate."
TEXT: Through such links Jefferson School students are able to
communicate with other schools and institutions in the
country. They are also involved with global laboratory
projects that reach 180 countries through programs
co-sponsored by the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
According to Mr. Johnson, students who have access to
communications in the near future won't be limited to
learning only in a classroom. And Dr. Linda Roberts of
the U.S. Department of Education says the new technology
could also help solve the shortage of qualified teachers
in America, especially in rural areas. The future role
of the teacher, she adds, will be to facilitate learning
through the use of technology.
TAPE: CUT THREE ROBERTS 0:15:
"We see evidence that we can really change the role of
the teacher, that we can truly empower students and have
them be much more the masters, if you will, of their own
learning.
TEXT: The U-S Department of Education will therefore, says
Linda Roberts, give special attention to professional
development of teachers who have little or no computer
experience. Dr. Roberts and teacher Stanley Johnson say
they expect computers combined with communications
technology will transform American schools by the year
2010 and connect classrooms with the world.
Students who already use computers at school and at home
can see it coming. Jonathan Miller is a 14-year-old
middle school student at Sidwell Friends, the school
attended by President Clinton's daughter Chelsea.
TAPE CUT FOUR MILLER 0:20:
"Already I see that, I mean, now in this year, 1995,
that we are already using computers a lot more than I
did a few years ago. I mean, and probably 15 years from
now, I mean, I can imagine how much it will be used,
because now already they are being widely used for
teaching, so..."
TEXT: Twelve-year-old Matthew Putic from Swanson Middle School
in Arlington would like to use computers at school much
more than he does now.
CUT FIVE PUTIC 0:24:
"I think the idea of using multi-media is a lot better
because kids just can't wait to get on a computer and
watch, like, videos or hear sounds and it's a lot more
fun, and it's attractive, it's attractive, it's much
more attractive than somebody talking to you in a
monotonous voice.
TEXT: Matthew Putic says the availability of communications
technology will be an important criteria in choosing the
next school he attends. And Jonathan Miller says he
does not think computers will undermine the role of
teachers. He says he expects students will have access
to much more information through computers, but they
will still need the teacher to explain what they have
not understood. Or help them when they get stuck and
frustrated with the new technology. (signed)
zh/nes
(DR. LINDA ROBERTS AND STANLEY JOHNSON ACTUALITIES FROM WORLDNET)
03-Apr-95 4:55 PM EDT (2055 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.138usisbel,
DATE=04-04-95
TYPE=SPECIAL ENGLISH FEATURE
NUMBER=7-17073
TITLE=SPECIAL ENGISH SCIENCE IN THE NEWS #1807 - POLIO
CAMPAIGN
BYLINE=NANCY STEINBACH
TELEPHONE=619-2585
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=OLIVER CHANLER
CONTENT=
THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION AND THE UNITED NATIONS CHILDRENS
FUND HAVE ANNOUNCED THE START OF A CAMPAIGN TO END THE DISEASE
POLIO IN THE MIDDLE EAST, AND ACROSS ASIA.
POLIO ATTACKS THE MUSCLES. VICTIMS CANNOT MOVE THEIR ARMS OR
LEGS. SOMETIMES THEY CANNOT BREATHE. SOME VICTIMS DIE. POLIO
USUALLY STRIKES CHIDREN, BUT ADULTS ALSO CAN BE AFFECTED.
POLIO IS CAUSED BY A VIRUS THAT SPREADS FROM PERSON TO PERSON OR
IS CARRIED IN FOOD AND WATER. THE DISEASE FIRST WAS RECORDED IN
ANCIENT EGYPT, GREECE AND ROME. IT IS BELIEVED TO HAVE KILLED OR
DISABLED MORE THAN TEN-MILLION PEOPLE THROUGHOUT HISTORY.
THE INTERNATIONAL CAMPAIGN TO END POLIO BEGAN SEVEN YEARS AGO.
THE EFFORT HAS SUCCEEDED IN MANY AREAS. THE AMERICAS ARE FREE OF
THE DISEASE. AND W-H-O OFFICIALS REPORT GREAT PROGRESS AGAINST
POLIO IN CHINA. THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE SUFFERING POLIO HAS DROPPED
FROM MORE THAN THREE-HUNDRED-THOUSAND TO FEWER THAN
FIVE-THOUSAND
IN JUST SEVEN YEARS. OFFICIALS SAY ABOUT EIGHTY PERCENT OF THE
WORLD'S CHILDREN HAVE RECEIVED THE MEDICINE THAT PREVENTS IT.
THE U-N PLAN CALLS FOR GIVING THE MEDICINE TO ABOUT
SEVENTY-MILLION CHILDREN. THEY LIVE IN EIGHTEEN COUNTRIES IN THE
MIDDDLE EAST, CENTRAL ASIA AND SOUTH ASIA AND THE SOUTHERN PART
OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION. THE PROJECT WILL BE DIFFICULT
BECAUSE MANY PEOPLE EXPECTED TO RECEIVE THE MEDICINE LIVE IN THE
MOUNTAINS, FAR FROM TOWNS. ALSO, MANY OF THEM LIVE IN PLACES
WHERE THERE IS WAR. EARLIER THIS MONTH, ROCKETS IN KABUL,
AFGHANISTAN DESTROYED EQUIPMENT THAT WAS TO BE USED FOR THE
PROJECT. BUT OFFICIALS SAY THEY WILL CONTINUE PLANNING FOR THE
PROJECT. FOR AFGHANISTAN, THE DARI AND PASHTO SERVICES OF THE
VOICE OF AMERICA AND THE BRITISH BROADCASTING CORPORATION WILL
BROADCAST DETAILS OF THE U-N ANTI-POLIO CAMPAIGN.
MEDICAL WORKERS WILL GIVE THE MEDICINE TO EVERY CHILD UNDER THE
AGE OF FIVE TWO TIMES IN TWO MONTHS. THAT SHOULD PROVIDE THEM
WITH PROTECTION AGAINST POLIO FOR THE REST OF THEIR LIVES.
03-Apr-95 4:04 PM EDT (2004 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.139usisbel,
DATE=4/4/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176592
TITLE=BOSNIA/GENOCIDE (-ONLY)
BYLINE=ANDREW BAIRD
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: AS FIGHTING CONTINUES IN THE FORMER YUGLOSLAV REPUBLIC OF
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA, ATTENTION IS INCREASINGLY BEING FOCUSED ON
HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS COMMITTED BY SERBIAN FORCES WHICH SOME
OBSERVERS SAY AMOUNTS TO GENOCIDE. V-O-A'S ANDREW BAIRD REPORTS
THAT INFLUENTIAL U-S CONGRESSMEN SAY THEY ARE ANGRY AT INACTION
ON THE PART OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY.
ANNCR: HEARINGS ON BOSNIA-HERZGOVINA WERE HELD TODAY (TUESDAY)
ON CAPITOL HILL UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE U-S COMMISSION ON
SECURITY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE. SEVERAL U-S CONGRESSMEN ON
THE COMMISSION SAID THAT THEY WERE DISTRESSED THAT THE WEST --
THE NATIONS OF EUROPE ESPECIALLY, BUT THE UNITED STATES AS WELL
-- WAS NOT DOING MORE TO ALLEVIATE THE HUMAN RIGHTS CRISIS IN
BOSNIA.
CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMISSION CONGRESSMAN CHRIS SMITH, A REPUBLICAN
FROM NEW JERSEY, SAID THAT WAR CRIMES AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
HAD TAKEN PLACE ON BOTH SIDES. STILL, HE QUOTED FROM A NEW
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT THAT SERB MILITANTS WERE
COMMITTING 90 PERCENT OF THE VIOLATIONS.
// SMITH ACT //
WE ARE CONFRONTING HERE SOMETHING THAT IS
INHERENTLY EVIL, A RACIST FORCE SO IRRATIONAL
THAT IT CANNOT BE SATISFIED BY A POSITIVE
GESTURE. GENOCIDE MUST BE CONDEMNED,
CONFRONTED, AND STOPPED.
// SMITH END ACT //
WHILE APPLAUDING ONGOING DIPLOMATIC AND HUMANITARIAN EFFORTS IN
BOSNIA, MR. SMITH SAID HE WILL SUPPORT LEGISLATION CALLING FOR
THE LIFTING OF THE ARMS EMBARGO IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA, AN
ACTION WHICH WOULD PRESUMABLY BENEFIT THE BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT
IN
OBTAINING ARMS.
LEGISLATORS ON THE COMMISSION SAID THAT MANY EUROPEAN
GOVERNMENTS
WERE DELIBERATELY MISINFORMING THEIR PEOPLES ABOUT THE EXTENT OF
HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BEING COMMITTED BY SERBIAN FORCES. IN
ADDITION TO THE SHELLING OF MAJOR POPULATION CENTERS SUCH AS
SARAJEVO, THESE VIOLATIONS INCLUDE MASS RAPE, DETENTION IN
CONCENTRATION CAMPS, MASS EXECUTIONS, AND THE DESTRUCTION OF
CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS.
THE COMMISSION HEARD TESTIMONY FROM SEVERAL WITNESSES, INCLUDING
CHERIF BASSIOUNI, A LAW PROFESSOR AND CHAIRMAN OF A U-N
COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN THE FORMER
YUGOSLAVIA. MR. BASSIOUNI SAID THAT HIS COMMISSION HAD BEEN
TERMINATED EARLIER THAN ITS MANDATE AND HAD TO ISSUE MANY OF ITS
FINDINGS INDEPENDENTLY. HE ATTRIBUTED THIS FACT TO POLITICS AND
THE NEED TO NEGOTIATE WITH TOP SERB LEADERS, WHO THEMSELVES MAY
BE RESPONSIBLE FOR MOUNTING A CAMPAIGN OF GENOCIDE.
// BASSIOUNI ACT //
IT SEEMS RATHER INCONGRUOUS THAT ONE WOULD SIT
WITH POLITICAL LEADERS WHOM ONE WANTS A
POLITICAL SETTLEMENT AND WHO ARE RECEIVING
HIGH HONORS BY BEING TREATED AS HEADS OF
STATES, AND YET AT THE SAME TIME THREATEN THESE
VERY SAME PEOPLE AS WAR CRIMINALS OR COMMITTING
CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY.
// BASSIOUNI END ACT //
MR. BASSIOUNI ALSO NOTED THAT THE WAR CRIMES TRIBUNAL FOR THE
FORMER YUGOSLAVIA WAS BEING STALLED BY BUREAUCRATIC AND
BUDGETARY
PROBLEMS AT THE UNITED NATIONS. THEY INCLUDED THE DIFFICULTY OF
ASSEMBLING MULTINATIONAL LEGAL TEAMS AND THE FACT THAT SOME
COUNTRIES, INCLUDING THE UNITED STATES, HAVE NOT ADOPTED
IMPLEMENTING LEGISLATION FOR THE TRIBUNAL.
// REST OPT //
ANOTHER PANELIST, JOURNALIST ROY GUTMAN, CALLED FOR FULL
DISCLOSURE OF ALL THE INFORMATION ON GENOCIDE GATHERED BY U-S
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY. STILL ANOTHER, JOURNALIST DAVID
RIEFF, FRAMED THE ISSUE IN TERMS OF THE POST COLD WAR ORDER.
// RIEFF ACT //
IT'S NOT JUST A QUESTION OF SPECIFIC TREATY
OBLIGATIONS OR EVEN CLAIMS ON OUR SOCIETY. A
LARGER QUESTION IS: DO WE WANT TO LIVE IN A WAR
IN WHICH THE WAY WAR-FIGHTING IS REALLY
GENOCIDE-MAKING? THAT IS A TENDENCY THAT
BOSNIA, IN MY VIEW, OPENS, AND WHICH UNCHECKED,
WILL SIMPLY BECOME THE WAY OF WAR IN THE NEXT
MILLENIUM. AND I THINK THAT FOR ME, AS MUCH AS
ANYTHING, IS WHY BOSNIA MATTERS SO MUCH EVEN TO
PEOPLE NOT AFFECTED BY IT.
// RIEFF END ACT //
ANOTHER PANELIST, ANDRAS RIEDLMAYER, A BIBLIOGRAPHER AT HARVARD
UNIVERSITY, SAID THAT IN ADDITION TO SUPPORTING INVESTIGATIONS
UNDER THE GENOCIDE CONVENTION, THE UNITED STATES SHOULD RATIFY
THE 1954 HAGUE CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY
IN WAR TIME, TO WHICH THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA WAS A SIGNATORY AND
TO WHICH ITS SUCCESSOR STATES ARE BOUND. (SIGNED)
NEB/PT
04-Apr-95 6:57 PM EDT (2257 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.140usisbel,
DATE=4/4/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176592 (**)
TITLE=BOSNIA/GENOCIDE (-ONLY)
BYLINE=ANDREW BAIRD
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
/// RE-RUNNING W/CORRECT IN INTRODUCTION AND IN FIORTH GRAF ///
INTRO: AS FIGHTING CONTINUES IN THE FORMER YUGLOSLAV REPUBLIC OF
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA, ATTENTION IS INCREASINGLY BEING FOCUSED ON
HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS COMMITTED BY S/E/R/B F/O/R/C/E/S WHICH
SOME OBSERVERS SAY AMOUNTS TO GENOCIDE. V-O-A'S ANDREW BAIRD
REPORTS THAT INFLUENTIAL U-S CONGRESSMEN SAY THEY ARE ANGRY AT
INACTION ON THE PART OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY.
TEXT: HEARINGS ON BOSNIA-HERZGOVINA WERE HELD TODAY (TUESDAY) ON
CAPITOL HILL UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE U-S COMMISSION ON SECURITY
AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE. SEVERAL U-S CONGRESSMEN ON THE
COMMISSION SAID THAT THEY WERE DISTRESSED THAT THE WEST -- THE
NATIONS OF EUROPE ESPECIALLY, BUT THE UNITED STATES AS WELL --
WAS NOT DOING MORE TO ALLEVIATE THE HUMAN RIGHTS CRISIS IN
BOSNIA.
CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMISSION CONGRESSMAN CHRIS SMITH, A REPUBLICAN
FROM NEW JERSEY, SAID THAT WAR CRIMES AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
HAD TAKEN PLACE ON BOTH SIDES. STILL, HE QUOTED FROM A NEW
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY REPORT THAT SERB MILITANTS WERE
COMMITTING 90 PERCENT OF THE VIOLATIONS.
// SMITH ACT //
WE ARE CONFRONTING HERE SOMETHING THAT IS
INHERENTLY EVIL, A RACIST FORCE SO IRRATIONAL
THAT IT CANNOT BE SATISFIED BY A POSITIVE
GESTURE. GENOCIDE MUST BE CONDEMNED,
CONFRONTED, AND STOPPED.
// SMITH END ACT //
WHILE APPLAUDING ONGOING DIPLOMATIC AND HUMANITARIAN EFFORTS IN
BOSNIA, MR. SMITH SAID HE WILL SUPPORT LEGISLATION CALLING FOR
THE LIFTING OF THE ARMS EMBARGO IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA, AN
ACTION WHICH WOULD PRESUMABLY BENEFIT THE BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT
IN
OBTAINING ARMS.
LEGISLATORS ON THE COMMISSION SAID THAT MANY EUROPEAN
GOVERNMENTS
WERE DELIBERATELY MISINFORMING THEIR PEOPLES ABOUT THE EXTENT OF
HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BEING COMMITTED BY S/E/R/B F/O/R/C/E/S.
IN ADDITION TO THE SHELLING OF MAJOR POPULATION CENTERS SUCH AS
SARAJEVO, THESE VIOLATIONS INCLUDE MASS RAPE, DETENTION IN
CONCENTRATION CAMPS, MASS EXECUTIONS, AND THE DESTRUCTION OF
CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS.
THE COMMISSION HEARD TESTIMONY FROM SEVERAL WITNESSES, INCLUDING
CHERIF BASSIOUNI, A LAW PROFESSOR AND CHAIRMAN OF A U-N
COMMISSION TO INVESTIGATE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN THE FORMER
YUGOSLAVIA. MR. BASSIOUNI SAID THAT HIS COMMISSION HAD BEEN
TERMINATED EARLIER THAN ITS MANDATE AND HAD TO ISSUE MANY OF ITS
FINDINGS INDEPENDENTLY. HE ATTRIBUTED THIS FACT TO POLITICS AND
THE NEED TO NEGOTIATE WITH TOP SERB LEADERS, WHO THEMSELVES MAY
BE RESPONSIBLE FOR MOUNTING A CAMPAIGN OF GENOCIDE.
// BASSIOUNI ACT //
IT SEEMS RATHER INCONGRUOUS THAT ONE WOULD SIT
WITH POLITICAL LEADERS WHOM ONE WANTS A
POLITICAL SETTLEMENT AND WHO ARE RECEIVING
HIGH HONORS BY BEING TREATED AS HEADS OF
STATES, AND YET AT THE SAME TIME THREATEN THESE
VERY SAME PEOPLE AS WAR CRIMINALS OR COMMITTING
CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY.
// BASSIOUNI END ACT //
MR. BASSIOUNI ALSO NOTED THAT THE WAR CRIMES TRIBUNAL FOR THE
FORMER YUGOSLAVIA WAS BEING STALLED BY BUREAUCRATIC AND
BUDGETARY
PROBLEMS AT THE UNITED NATIONS. THEY INCLUDED THE DIFFICULTY OF
ASSEMBLING MULTINATIONAL LEGAL TEAMS AND THE FACT THAT SOME
COUNTRIES, INCLUDING THE UNITED STATES, HAVE NOT ADOPTED
IMPLEMENTING LEGISLATION FOR THE TRIBUNAL.
// REST OPT //
ANOTHER PANELIST, JOURNALIST ROY GUTMAN, CALLED FOR FULL
DISCLOSURE OF ALL THE INFORMATION ON GENOCIDE GATHERED BY U-S
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY. STILL ANOTHER, JOURNALIST DAVID
RIEFF, FRAMED THE ISSUE IN TERMS OF THE POST COLD WAR ORDER.
// RIEFF ACT //
IT'S NOT JUST A QUESTION OF SPECIFIC TREATY
OBLIGATIONS OR EVEN CLAIMS ON OUR SOCIETY. A
LARGER QUESTION IS: DO WE WANT TO LIVE IN A WAR
IN WHICH THE WAY WAR-FIGHTING IS REALLY
GENOCIDE-MAKING? THAT IS A TENDENCY THAT
BOSNIA, IN MY VIEW, OPENS, AND WHICH UNCHECKED,
WILL SIMPLY BECOME THE WAY OF WAR IN THE NEXT
MILLENIUM. AND I THINK THAT FOR ME, AS MUCH AS
ANYTHING, IS WHY BOSNIA MATTERS SO MUCH EVEN TO
PEOPLE NOT AFFECTED BY IT.
// RIEFF END ACT //
ANOTHER PANELIST, ANDRAS RIEDLMAYER, A BIBLIOGRAPHER AT HARVARD
UNIVERSITY, SAID THAT IN ADDITION TO SUPPORTING INVESTIGATIONS
UNDER THE GENOCIDE CONVENTION, THE UNITED STATES SHOULD RATIFY
THE 1954 HAGUE CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY
IN WAR TIME, TO WHICH THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA WAS A SIGNATORY AND
TO WHICH ITS SUCCESSOR STATES ARE BOUND. (SIGNED)
NEB/PT
04-Apr-95 7:06 PM EDT (2306 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
Download Complete. 5188 total bytes, 5188 bytes/sec
Press <RETURN> to continue
voa.141usisbel,
DATE=3/4/95
TYPE=CLOSEUP
NUMBER=4-08234
TITLE=LOOKING TOWARD KOSOVO AND MACEDONIA
BYLINE=PAMELA TAYLOR
TELEPHONE=619-1101
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=PHIL HAYNES
CONTENT= // VOICER AND INSERTS AVAILABLE FROM S-O-D //
INTRO: ONLY WEEKS AGO BALKAN AFFAIRS SPECIALISTS IN THE UNITED
STATES AND ELSEWHERE WERE PREDICTING ALL-OUT WAR IN THE
FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. BUT CROATIAN PRESIDENT FRANJO
TUDJMAN REVERSED THE COUNTDOWN TO A CONFRONTATION WITH
SERBIA WHEN HE AGREED TO ALLOW U-N PEACEKEEPERS TO
REMAIN TO POLICE THE SITUATION IN THE TROUBLED KRAJINA
REGION. AS SOON AS THIS FIRE WAS PUT OUT, ANOTHER SOON
ERUPTED IN NEIGHBORING NORTHWESTERN BOSNIA WHEN
GOVERNMENT FORCES ATTACKED SERB REBELS NORTH OF TUZLA.
EXPERTS PREDICT THE FIGHTING IN BOSNIA WILL CONTINUE AT
A LOW LEVEL AND THAT IT WILL BE CONFINED TO BOSNIAN
TERRITORY. AT THE SAME TIME, FEAR IS BEING EXPRESSED
THAT THE SPARK WHICH COULD IGNITE THE BALKANS MIGHT COME
FURTHER SOUTH -- IN SERBIA'S KOSOVO REGION OR IN THE
FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (FRYOM). VOA'S
PAMELA TAYLOR REPORTS:
TEXT: THE NOTION THAT SERBIAN PRESIDENT SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC HAS
NOT ABANDONED HIS GOAL OF A GREATER SERBIA WILL NOT GO
AWAY. MOST ANALYSTS BELIEVE THAT, ONE WAY OR ANOTHER, A
LARGE CHUNK OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA WILL EVENTUALLY BECOME
A PART OF THIS ENTITY AND THAT TOWARD THIS END MR.
MILOSEVIC WILL ONLY TIGHTEN HIS HOLD ON KOSOVO. THIS
ONCE AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA,
POPULATED MAINLY BY ETHNIC ALBANIANS, IS VIEWED BY THE
SERBS AS THEIR JERUSALEM. NOT ONLY DOES KOSOVO HOUSE
THE MOST IMPORTANT SERBIAN ORTHODOX CHURCHES AND
MONASTERIES, IT IS ALSO THE SITE OF THE MOST FAMOUS
SERBIAN LEGEND OF ALL TIME. FOR CENTURIES THE STORY OF
THE 1389 BATTLE OF KOSOVO HAS BEEN HANDED DOWN AS AN
EPIC SAGA OF SERBIAN COURAGE AND SACRIFICE AT THE HANDS
OF THE OTTOMAN TURKS. HISTORIAN THOMAS EMMERT OF
GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS COLLEGE IN ST. PETER, MINNESOTA, SAYS
THE KOSOVO SAGA HAS GAINED SUCH A HOLD ON SERBIAN
THINKING THAT TODAY THEY BELIEVE ONE CANNOT BE A TRUE
SERB IF HE OR SHE DOES NOT EMBRACE THE LEGEND OF KOSOVO:
TAPE: CUT # 1 EMMERT RUNS [:38]
"SERBS HAVE LONG BELIEVED THAT THE BATTLE OF KOSOVO
WHICH OCCURRED IN JUNE OF 1389 IS THE BEGINNING OF A
LONG PERIOD OF TURKISH RULE IN SERBIA BUT AT THE SAME
TIME, OUT OF IT CAME A BELIEF THAT THEY WOULD BE
"RESURRECTED" ONCE AGAIN AS A STATE. HAVING BEEN
DEFEATED THEY ALSO GAINED A SORT OF MORAL VICTORY AND
THAT IN THE VERY PLACE OF DEFEAT WILL ARISE ONCE AGAIN A
GREAT SERBIAN NATION AND THE GREAT SERBIAN SPIRIT WILL
BE PRESERVED."
TEXT: PROFESSOR EMMERT SAYS WHILE KOSOVO REMAINS A PART OF
SERBIA TODAY, THE PROBLEM IS THAT 90 PERCENT OF THE
POPULATION IS ETHNIC ALBANIAN AND MOSTLY MUSLIM. FOR
THIS REASON, OTHER ANALYSTS SAY, KOSOVO MAY BECOME
SERBIA'S WEST BANK, RATHER THAN ITS JERUSALEM.
AT A RECENT CONFERENCE ON BOSNIA, AT THE LIBRARY OF
CONGRESS IN WASHINGTON, D-C, SEVERAL SPEAKERS ADDRESSED
THE SPECTER OF A WIDER WAR ERUPTING IN THE BALKANS --
SOUTH OF BOSNIA. ONE OF THE SPEAKERS WAS ELEZ BIBERAJ
[EL-ESS BEEB-ER-EYE], A NOTED EXPERT ON ALBANIAN
AFFAIRS, WHO IS CURRENTLY ON LEAVE FROM THE VOICE OF
AMERICA:
TAPE: CUT # 2 BIBERAJ RUNS [:28]
"I THINK WE CAN SAY THE WAR IN BOSNIA HAS BEEN MORE OR
LESS CONTAINED, BUT THE OUTBREAK OF WAR IN KOSOVO OR IN
WESTERN MACEDONIA WILL MOST LIKELY HAVE A SPILLOVER
EFFECT LEADING TO A WIDER BALKAN WAR WITH DISASTROUS
EFFECTS FOR THE ENTIRE REGION AND PERHAPS BEYOND. IT
WOULD ALSO SPELL THE END OF NATO AS WE KNOW IT TODAY,
SINCE IT WOULD PIT TWO NATO ALLIES, GREECE AND TURKEY,
AGAINST EACH OTHER."
TEXT: MR. BIBERAJ SAID THAT PRESIDENT MILOSEVIC HAS STAKED HIS
REPUTATION ON REASSERTING CONTROL OVER KOSOVO. THERE
ARE SEVERAL INDICATIONS OF THIS. THE SERBIAN MILITARY
HAS LAUNCHED A CAMPAIGN TO FORCEFULLY INDUCT ETHNIC
ALBANIANS INTO THE YUGOSLAV ARMY. AND A TRIAL IS
EXPECTED TO OPEN (IN PRISTINA) THIS WEEK, OF NINE OF THE
200 ETHNIC ALBANIAN POLICEMEN WHO WERE ARRESTED LAST
YEAR ON CHARGES OF TRYING TO CREATE A SHADOW KOSOVAR
DEFENSE MINISTRY. // OPT // IN FACT, KOSOVO IS ALREADY
LARGELY RUN BY A WELL-DEVELOPED, PARALLEL UNDERGROUND
GOVERNMENT. THE CHIEF ARCHITECT OF THE SYSTEM, IBRAHIM
RUGOVA, IS PRESIDENT OF THE SELF-DECLARED BUT
UNRECOGNIZED REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO. WHILE MR. RUGOVA HAS
SO FAR MANAGED TO KEEP THE UNARMED PROVINCE QUIET, MANY
EXPERTS WONDER HOW LONG HE CAN CONTINUE TO DO SO IN THE
FACE OF CONTINUING DEMANDS FOR COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE
FROM SERBIA. // END OPT // FOR THE TIME BEING ALBANIA
APPEARS TO HAVE HAS ABANDONED THE IDEA OF CONFEDERATION
BETWEEN KOSOVO AND ALBANIA. BUT MANY FEAR THAT IF THE
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ULTIMATELY AGREES TO ALLOW THE
BOSNIAN SERBS TO CONFEDERATE WITH SERBIA, IT WON'T BE
LONG BEFORE ALBANIA ASKS FOR CONFEDERATION WITH KOSOVO.
FORMER STATE DEPARTMENT BALKAN AFFAIRS ANALYST STEPHEN
WALKER, WHO RESIGNED OVER THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION'S
HANDLING OF THE YUGOSLAV CRISIS IN 1993, TOLD THE
CONFERENCE THE UNITED STATES MUST TAKE A STAND IN
KOSOVO:
TAPE: CUT # 3 WALKER RUNS [:51]
"IN KOSOVO, WE'RE IN A POSITION FOR THE UNITED STATES TO
DRAW A LINE IN THE SAND: WE WILL NOT TOLERATE AGGRESSION
AND VIOLENCE BY SERBIA IN KOSOVO. IF THE SERBIAN REGIME
HAS INCREASED REPRESSION AGAINST THE ALBANIANS IN
KOSOVO, WITHOUT THE WATCHFUL EYE OF C-S-C-E OBSERVERS
WHO WERE KICKED OUT, BECAUSE THEY KNOW IF WE HAVEN'T
KEPT TO THE AGREEMENTS WE MADE ON PAPER IN BOSNIA, WE'RE
CERTAINLY NOT GOING TO INTERVENE INSIDE SERBIA ITSELF.
IN MACEDONIA WE'VE PUT 500 U-S GROUND TROOPS ON THE
GROUND, SOON TO BE AUGMENTED, AND YET THE REAL THREAT TO
MACEDONIA IS THE THREAT OF ETHNIC CONFLICT WITHIN
ALBANIA THAT WOULD SPILL OVER INTO THE ETHNIC ALBANIAN
MINORITY IN MACEDONIA."
TEXT: THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION HAS SAID THAT KOSOVO SHOULD
REMAIN A PART OF SERBIA, WHILE INSISTING THAT BELGRADE
SHOW GREATER RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS THERE. AS FOR
MACEDONIA, THE UNITED STATES IS CONSIDERING SENDING UP
TO 15-HUNDRED TROOPS TO JOIN THE 500 ALREADY THERE --
SHOULD THE CONFLICT IN BOSNIA SPREAD TO MACEDONIA. //
OPT // MACEDONIA ALREADY HAS ITS OWN INTERNAL ETHNIC
PROBLEMS. IN FEBRUARY, TENSIONS FLARED BETWEEN
MACEDONIA'S SLAVIC MAJORITY AND THE LARGE ETHNIC
ALBANIAN MINORITY AFTER THE GOVERNMENT BLOCKED THE
OPENING OF AN ETHNIC ALBANIAN UNIVERSITY. // END OPT //
ANALYSTS BELIEVE THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY HAS TACITLY
AGREED TO WHAT IS CALLED A POLICY OF CONTAINMENT WITH
REGARD TO BOSNIA -- MEANING THERE WILL BE NO
INTERVENTION SO LONG AS THE CONFLICT IS CONTAINED TO
THAT REGION. BUT SHOULD FIGHTING ERUPT ELSEWHERE IN THE
BALKANS, MANY THINK THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, NOTABLY
NATO, WILL FINALLY DECIDE IT HAS INTERESTS IN THE AREA
WORTH PROTECTING. (SIGNED)
NEB/PAM/PCH
04-Apr-95 2:36 PM EDT (1836 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
Download Complete. 8046 total bytes, 8046 bytes/sec
Press <RETURN> to continue
voa.142usisbel,
// RE-ISSUING FOR ARCHIVES //
DATE=3/4/95
TYPE=CLOSEUP
NUMBER=4-08234
TITLE=LOOKING TOWARD KOSOVO AND MACEDONIA
BYLINE=PAMELA TAYLOR
TELEPHONE=619-1101
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=PHIL HAYNES
CONTENT= // VOICER AND INSERTS AVAILABLE FROM S-O-D //
INTRO: ONLY WEEKS AGO BALKAN AFFAIRS SPECIALISTS IN THE UNITED
STATES AND ELSEWHERE WERE PREDICTING ALL-OUT WAR IN THE
FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. BUT CROATIAN PRESIDENT FRANJO
TUDJMAN REVERSED THE COUNTDOWN TO A CONFRONTATION WITH
SERBIA WHEN HE AGREED TO ALLOW U-N PEACEKEEPERS TO
REMAIN TO POLICE THE SITUATION IN THE TROUBLED KRAJINA
REGION. AS SOON AS THIS FIRE WAS PUT OUT, ANOTHER SOON
ERUPTED IN NEIGHBORING NORTHWESTERN BOSNIA WHEN
GOVERNMENT FORCES ATTACKED SERB REBELS NORTH OF TUZLA.
EXPERTS PREDICT THE FIGHTING IN BOSNIA WILL CONTINUE AT
A LOW LEVEL AND THAT IT WILL BE CONFINED TO BOSNIAN
TERRITORY. AT THE SAME TIME, FEAR IS BEING EXPRESSED
THAT THE SPARK WHICH COULD IGNITE THE BALKANS MIGHT COME
FURTHER SOUTH -- IN SERBIA'S KOSOVO REGION OR IN THE
FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (FRYOM). VOA'S
PAMELA TAYLOR REPORTS:
TEXT: THE NOTION THAT SERBIAN PRESIDENT SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC HAS
NOT ABANDONED HIS GOAL OF A GREATER SERBIA WILL NOT GO
AWAY. MOST ANALYSTS BELIEVE THAT, ONE WAY OR ANOTHER, A
LARGE CHUNK OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA WILL EVENTUALLY BECOME
A PART OF THIS ENTITY AND THAT TOWARD THIS END MR.
MILOSEVIC WILL ONLY TIGHTEN HIS HOLD ON KOSOVO. THIS
ONCE AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA,
POPULATED MAINLY BY ETHNIC ALBANIANS, IS VIEWED BY THE
SERBS AS THEIR JERUSALEM. NOT ONLY DOES KOSOVO HOUSE
THE MOST IMPORTANT SERBIAN ORTHODOX CHURCHES AND
MONASTERIES, IT IS ALSO THE SITE OF THE MOST FAMOUS
SERBIAN LEGEND OF ALL TIME. FOR CENTURIES THE STORY OF
THE 1389 BATTLE OF KOSOVO HAS BEEN HANDED DOWN AS AN
EPIC SAGA OF SERBIAN COURAGE AND SACRIFICE AT THE HANDS
OF THE OTTOMAN TURKS. HISTORIAN THOMAS EMMERT OF
GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS COLLEGE IN ST. PETER, MINNESOTA, SAYS
THE KOSOVO SAGA HAS GAINED SUCH A HOLD ON SERBIAN
THINKING THAT TODAY THEY BELIEVE ONE CANNOT BE A TRUE
SERB IF HE OR SHE DOES NOT EMBRACE THE LEGEND OF KOSOVO:
TAPE: CUT # 1 EMMERT RUNS [:38]
"SERBS HAVE LONG BELIEVED THAT THE BATTLE OF KOSOVO
WHICH OCCURRED IN JUNE OF 1389 IS THE BEGINNING OF A
LONG PERIOD OF TURKISH RULE IN SERBIA BUT AT THE SAME
TIME, OUT OF IT CAME A BELIEF THAT THEY WOULD BE
"RESURRECTED" ONCE AGAIN AS A STATE. HAVING BEEN
DEFEATED THEY ALSO GAINED A SORT OF MORAL VICTORY AND
THAT IN THE VERY PLACE OF DEFEAT WILL ARISE ONCE AGAIN A
GREAT SERBIAN NATION AND THE GREAT SERBIAN SPIRIT WILL
BE PRESERVED."
TEXT: PROFESSOR EMMERT SAYS WHILE KOSOVO REMAINS A PART OF
SERBIA TODAY, THE PROBLEM IS THAT 90 PERCENT OF THE
POPULATION IS ETHNIC ALBANIAN AND MOSTLY MUSLIM. FOR
THIS REASON, OTHER ANALYSTS SAY, KOSOVO MAY BECOME
SERBIA'S WEST BANK, RATHER THAN ITS JERUSALEM.
AT A RECENT CONFERENCE ON BOSNIA, AT THE LIBRARY OF
CONGRESS IN WASHINGTON, D-C, SEVERAL SPEAKERS ADDRESSED
THE SPECTER OF A WIDER WAR ERUPTING IN THE BALKANS --
SOUTH OF BOSNIA. ONE OF THE SPEAKERS WAS ELEZ BIBERAJ
[EL-ESS BEEB-ER-EYE], A NOTED EXPERT ON ALBANIAN
AFFAIRS, WHO IS CURRENTLY ON LEAVE FROM THE VOICE OF
AMERICA:
TAPE: CUT # 2 BIBERAJ RUNS [:28]
"I THINK WE CAN SAY THE WAR IN BOSNIA HAS BEEN MORE OR
LESS CONTAINED, BUT THE OUTBREAK OF WAR IN KOSOVO OR IN
WESTERN MACEDONIA WILL MOST LIKELY HAVE A SPILLOVER
EFFECT LEADING TO A WIDER BALKAN WAR WITH DISASTROUS
EFFECTS FOR THE ENTIRE REGION AND PERHAPS BEYOND. IT
WOULD ALSO SPELL THE END OF NATO AS WE KNOW IT TODAY,
SINCE IT WOULD PIT TWO NATO ALLIES, GREECE AND TURKEY,
AGAINST EACH OTHER."
TEXT: MR. BIBERAJ SAID THAT PRESIDENT MILOSEVIC HAS STAKED HIS
REPUTATION ON REASSERTING CONTROL OVER KOSOVO. THERE
ARE SEVERAL INDICATIONS OF THIS. THE SERBIAN MILITARY
HAS LAUNCHED A CAMPAIGN TO FORCEFULLY INDUCT ETHNIC
ALBANIANS INTO THE YUGOSLAV ARMY. AND A TRIAL IS
EXPECTED TO OPEN (IN PRISTINA) THIS WEEK, OF NINE OF THE
200 ETHNIC ALBANIAN POLICEMEN WHO WERE ARRESTED LAST
YEAR ON CHARGES OF TRYING TO CREATE A SHADOW KOSOVAR
DEFENSE MINISTRY. // OPT // IN FACT, KOSOVO IS ALREADY
LARGELY RUN BY A WELL-DEVELOPED, PARALLEL UNDERGROUND
GOVERNMENT. THE CHIEF ARCHITECT OF THE SYSTEM, IBRAHIM
RUGOVA, IS PRESIDENT OF THE SELF-DECLARED BUT
UNRECOGNIZED REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO. WHILE MR. RUGOVA HAS
SO FAR MANAGED TO KEEP THE UNARMED PROVINCE QUIET, MANY
EXPERTS WONDER HOW LONG HE CAN CONTINUE TO DO SO IN THE
FACE OF CONTINUING DEMANDS FOR COMPLETE INDEPENDENCE
FROM SERBIA. // END OPT // FOR THE TIME BEING ALBANIA
APPEARS TO HAVE HAS ABANDONED THE IDEA OF CONFEDERATION
BETWEEN KOSOVO AND ALBANIA. BUT MANY FEAR THAT IF THE
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ULTIMATELY AGREES TO ALLOW THE
BOSNIAN SERBS TO CONFEDERATE WITH SERBIA, IT WON'T BE
LONG BEFORE ALBANIA ASKS FOR CONFEDERATION WITH KOSOVO.
FORMER STATE DEPARTMENT BALKAN AFFAIRS ANALYST STEPHEN
WALKER, WHO RESIGNED OVER THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION'S
HANDLING OF THE YUGOSLAV CRISIS IN 1993, TOLD THE
CONFERENCE THE UNITED STATES MUST TAKE A STAND IN
KOSOVO:
TAPE: CUT # 3 WALKER RUNS [:51]
"IN KOSOVO, WE'RE IN A POSITION FOR THE UNITED STATES TO
DRAW A LINE IN THE SAND: WE WILL NOT TOLERATE AGGRESSION
AND VIOLENCE BY SERBIA IN KOSOVO. IF THE SERBIAN REGIME
HAS INCREASED REPRESSION AGAINST THE ALBANIANS IN
KOSOVO, WITHOUT THE WATCHFUL EYE OF C-S-C-E OBSERVERS
WHO WERE KICKED OUT, BECAUSE THEY KNOW IF WE HAVEN'T
KEPT TO THE AGREEMENTS WE MADE ON PAPER IN BOSNIA, WE'RE
CERTAINLY NOT GOING TO INTERVENE INSIDE SERBIA ITSELF.
IN MACEDONIA WE'VE PUT 500 U-S GROUND TROOPS ON THE
GROUND, SOON TO BE AUGMENTED, AND YET THE REAL THREAT TO
MACEDONIA IS THE THREAT OF ETHNIC CONFLICT WITHIN
ALBANIA THAT WOULD SPILL OVER INTO THE ETHNIC ALBANIAN
MINORITY IN MACEDONIA."
TEXT: THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION HAS SAID THAT KOSOVO SHOULD
REMAIN A PART OF SERBIA, WHILE INSISTING THAT BELGRADE
SHOW GREATER RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS THERE. AS FOR
MACEDONIA, THE UNITED STATES IS CONSIDERING SENDING UP
TO 15-HUNDRED TROOPS TO JOIN THE 500 ALREADY THERE --
SHOULD THE CONFLICT IN BOSNIA SPREAD TO MACEDONIA. //
OPT // MACEDONIA ALREADY HAS ITS OWN INTERNAL ETHNIC
PROBLEMS. IN FEBRUARY, TENSIONS FLARED BETWEEN
MACEDONIA'S SLAVIC MAJORITY AND THE LARGE ETHNIC
ALBANIAN MINORITY AFTER THE GOVERNMENT BLOCKED THE
OPENING OF AN ETHNIC ALBANIAN UNIVERSITY. // END OPT //
ANALYSTS BELIEVE THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY HAS TACITLY
AGREED TO WHAT IS CALLED A POLICY OF CONTAINMENT WITH
REGARD TO BOSNIA -- MEANING THERE WILL BE NO
INTERVENTION SO LONG AS THE CONFLICT IS CONTAINED TO
THAT REGION. BUT SHOULD FIGHTING ERUPT ELSEWHERE IN THE
BALKANS, MANY THINK THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, NOTABLY
NATO, WILL FINALLY DECIDE IT HAS INTERESTS IN THE AREA
WORTH PROTECTING. (SIGNED)
NEB/PAM/PCH
04-Apr-95 3:13 PM EDT (1913 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
Download Complete. 8082 total bytes, 8082 bytes/sec
Press <RETURN> to continue
voa.143usisbel,
DATE=4/5/95
TYPE=CURRENT AFFAIRS FEATURE
NUMBER=3-21502
TITLE=50 YEARS AGO:THE DEATH OF PRESIDENT FRANKLIN D.
ROOSEVELT (S)
BYLINE=CHUCK RICH
TELEPHONE=619-1113
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=KLEINFELDT
CONTENT=
[INSERTS IN AUDIO SERVICES]
INTRO: FIFTY YEARS AGO, NEAR THE END OF WORLD WAR TWO,
PRESIDENT FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT DIED OF A STROKE AT HIS
VACATION HOME IN GEORGIA. A LITTLE MORE THAN A MONTH
EARLIER, MR. ROOSEVELT HAD BEGUN ANOTHER FOUR-YEAR TERM
IN OFFICE -- AN UNPRECEDENTED FOURTH TERM. THE
PRESIDENT'S HEALTH WAS FAILING, BUT MOST AMERICANS WERE
SHOCKED BY THE NEWS OF HIS DEATH. VOA'S CHUCK RICH
REPORTS ON THE REACTION BOTH INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE
UNITED STATES.
TEXT: FOR MANY AMERICANS, THE NEWS OF APRIL 12TH, 1945 WAS
LIKE A DEATH IN THE FAMILY:
TAPE: CUT ONE -- RADIO NEWS BULLETIN (JOHN CHARLES DALY) :16
"WE INTERRUPT THIS PROGRAM TO BRING YOU A SPECIAL NEWS
BULLETIN FROM CBS WORLD NEWS. A PRESS ASSOCIATION HAS
JUST ANNOUNCED THAT PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT IS DEAD. THE
PRESIDENT DIED OF A CE-CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE. ALL WE KNOW
SO FAR IS THAT THE PRESIDENT DIED AT WARM SPRINGS, IN
GEORGIA."
TEXT: A NEWSPAPER'S LIST OF WAR CASUALTIES BEGAN WITH THE
WORDS "ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN D., COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF." THE
NEW YORK FIRE DEPARTMENT SOUNDED THE ALARM THAT
INDICATES A FIREMAN HAS DIED ON DUTY. IN WASHINGTON,
NARRATING THE ROOSEVELT FUNERAL PROCESSION, RADIO
ENTERTAINER ARTHUR GODFREY WAS GRIEF-STRICKEN.
TAPE: CUT TWO -- ARTHUR GODFREY RADIO BROADCAST :24 -- FADE AT
:11
"(SOUND OF DRUMS) THE DRUMS ARE WRAPPED IN BLACK CREPE
AND ARE MUFFLED, AS YOU CAN HEAR. AND THE PACE OF THE
MUSICIANS IS SO SLOW. AND BEHIND THEM, THESE ARE NAVY
BOYS. AND NOW, JUST, JUST COMING PAST THE TREASURY, I
CAN SEE THE HORSES DRAWING THE CAISSON."
TEXT: HISTORIAN WILLIAM MANCHESTER WROTE THAT AT THE HOUR OF
PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S FUNERAL, AMERICA SIMPLY STOPPED.
AIRPLANES ABOUT TO LAND JUST CIRCLED IN THE AIR. MORE
THAN 500 NEW YORK SUBWAY TRAINS STOOD STILL.
ON MAY 8TH, 1945, PRESIDENT TRUMAN ANNOUNCED THE END OF
THE WAR IN EUROPE:
TAPE: CUT THREE -- TRUMAN :16
"I ONLY WISH THAT FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT HAD LIVED TO
WITNESS THIS DAY. GENERAL EISENHOWER INFORMS ME THAT
THE FORCES OF GERMANY HAVE SURRENDERED TO THE UNITED
NATIONS. THE FLAGS OF FREEDOM FLY ALL OVER EUROPE."
TEXT: PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT DID NOT LIVE TO WITNESS THAT DAY.
HIS DEATH HAD COME LESS THAN A MONTH EARLIER, ON APRIL
12TH, 1945 -- FIFTY YEARS AGO.
I'M CHUCK RICH.
05-Apr-95 5:01 PM EDT (2101 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
Download Complete. 2984 total bytes, 2984 bytes/sec
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voa.144usisbel,
DATE=4/5/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176617
TITLE= YUGO SITREP (L)
BYLINE= WAYNE COREY
DATELINE= VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: HEAVY SHELLING ATTACKS AND SOME GROUND FIGHTING ARE
REPORTED IN NORTHERN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA ON THE THIRD ANNIVERSARY
OF THE BEGINNING OF THE BOSNIAN CONFLICT. IN CROATIA, ETHNIC
SERBS ARE THREATENING TO BLOCK SOME U-N PEACE-KEEPING OPERATIONS
BECAUSE OF PROPOSED CHANGES IN THE PEACE-KEEPING MANDATE IN THAT
COUNTRY. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN
BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: THE UNITED NATIONS COMMAND IN SARAJEVO SAYS THE HEAVIEST
SHELLING AND GROUND ATTACKS IN BOSNIA HAVE BEEN CONCENTRATED IN
THE MOUNTAINS NEAR THE NORTHEASTERN TOWN OF TUZLA.
BOSNIAN SERB FORCES ARE, APPARENTLY, TRYING TO PUSH GOVERNMENT
TROOPS AWAY FROM AN IMPORTANT SERB COMMUNICATIONS TOWER. THE
FIGHTING HAS INTENSIFIED BECAUSE OF MELTING SNOW AND WARMER
WEATHER IN THE AREA.
SARAJEVO RADIO REPORTS A SERB ARTILLERY ATTACK ON TUZLA, THE
SECOND LARGEST TOWN IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA. THE RADIO SAYS IT WAS
THE THIRD TIME PART OF THE TOWN HAS BEEN SHELLED IN THE PAST 24
HOURS. NO CASUALTIES ARE REPORTED IN THE LATEST ATTACK.
IN SARAJEVO, THE BOSNIAN SERBS FIRED MORTAR SHELLS INTO A
GOVERNMENT-HELD SUBURB IN WHAT MAY HAVE BEEN A VIOLATION OF THE
HEAVY WEAPONS EXCLUSION ZONE AROUND THE CITY.
A U-N SPOKESMAN SAYS THE SHELLING OCCURRED AFTER GOVERNMENT
FORCES FIRED WITH MACHINEGUNS INTO A SERB REGION.
/// OPT /// ALSO IN SARAJEVO, A SNIPER HAS WOUNDED A SERB
POLITICIAN, LOYAL TO THE MUSLIM-LED BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT. THE
POLITICAN, LJUBOMIR BERBEROVIC, WAS SHOT IN HIS RIGHT LEG AND WAS
TAKEN TO A LOCAL HOSPITAL FOR TREATMENT. /// END OPT ///
MEANWHILE, IN CROATIA, REBEL ETHNIC SERBS ARE MAKING IT CLEAR
THEY ARE NOT GOING TO COOPERATE WITH A NEW U-N PEACEKEEPING
MANDATE THAT IS NOT EVEN BEING IMPLEMENTED YET.
THE SERBS SAY THEY ARE SUSPENDING U-N PATROLS IN A SERB-HELD AREA
OF EASTERN CROATIA BECAUSE PEACE-KEEPERS HAVE NO RIGHT TO BE
THERE. A U-N SPOKESMAN IN ZAGREB EARLIER SAID SERB FORCES WERE
CONFUSED ABOUT CHANGES IN THE U-N MANDATE.
DETAILS OF THE NEW MANDATE ARE TO BE WORKED OUT BY APRIL 21ST.
THE NUMBER OF PEACEKEEPERS IN CROATIA IS TO BE REDUCED, AND SOME
U-N TROOPS ARE TO BE DEPLOYED IN SERB-HELD TERRITORY ALONG
CROATIA'S BORDERS WITH BOSNIA AND SERBIA.
BUT, CROATIAN SERB LEADERS HAVE REJECTED THE BORDER DEPLOYMENTS
AS WELL AS THE NEW NAME OF THE PEACEKEEPING FORCE WHICH THE
CROATIAN GOVERNMENT DEMANDED.
THE GOVERNMENT EXPECTS THE NEW U-N MANDATE TO HELP REINTEGRATE
SERB-OCCUPIED AREAS WITH THE REST OF CROATIA. BUT, THE SERBS SAY
THEY WILL ACCEPT NOTHING LESS THAN FULL INDEPENDENCE.
EVEN IF THEY WERE GIVEN SUBSTANTIAL AUTONOMY, THE SERBS SAY THEIR
TERRITORY WOULD ONLY BE A GHETTO. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/MH/MMK
05-Apr-95 10:41 AM EDT (1441 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.145usisbel,
DATE=4/5/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176633
TITLE= YUGO SITREP (S)
BYLINE= WAYNE COREY
DATELINE= VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
TEXT: THE END OF THE THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
HAS BEEN MARKED BY MORE FIGHTING IN THE NORTHEAST OF THE COUNTRY.
THE BOSNIAN PRIME MINISTER SAYS THE BOSNIAN MUSLIMS MUST BE
PREPARED FOR 10 YEARS OF WAR. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM
OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: THE UNITED NATIONS COMMAND IN SARAJEVO REPORTS SHELLING
ATTACKS AND SOME GROUND FIGHTING BETWEEN BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT
AND
SERB FORCES IN THE MOUNTAINS AROUND THE TOWN OF TUZLA.
IT IS THE AREA IN WHICH GOVERNMENT FORCES LAUNCHED AN OFFENSIVE
LAST MONTH AND MADE SOME TERRITORIAL GAINS. THE SERBS ARE
BELIEVED NOW TRYING TO PUSH GOVERNMENT FORCES BACK.
IN ANOTHER DEVELOPMENT, NATO WARPLANES HAVE FORCED A SMALL
UNIDENTIFIED AIRCRAFT TO LAND IN GOVERNMENT TERRITORY. THE
AIRCRAFT WAS NOT BELIEVED ON A SIGNIFICANT MILITARY MISSION,
BUT IT CLEARLY VIOLATED THE NO-FLY ZONE OVER BOSNIA.
AS BOSNIA ENDED ITS THIRD YEAR OF WAR, PRIME MINISTER HARIS
SILAJDZIC SAYS THE BOSNIAN MUSLIMS MUST BE PREPARED FOR 10 YEARS
OF FIGHTING.
MR. SILAJDZIC SAYS THE SERBS ARE NOT STRONG ENOUGH TO WIPE OUT
THE MUSLIMS WHILE MUSLIM-LED GOVERNMENT FORCES ARE NOT STRONG
ENOUGH TO IMPOSE PEACE.
HE ACCUSES THE MAJOR POWERS OF BEING ACCOMPLICES TO GENOCIDAL
SERB POLICIES BY REFUSING TO LIFT THE ARMS EMBARGO ON BOSNIA.
(SIGNED)
NEB/WC/MH/MMK
05-Apr-95 12:57 PM EDT (1657 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.146usisbel,
DATE=4/6/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176711
TITLE=HOLBROOKE/BOSNIA (L)
BYLINE=DAVID GOLLUST
DATELINE=U-S CONGRESS
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THERE WERE SPECIAL HEARINGS IN THE U-S CONGRESS THURSDAY
AS THE CONFLICT IN BOSNIA MOVED INTO A FOURTH YEAR. AS VOA'S
DAVID GOLLUST REPORTS, THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION REMAINS UNDER
CONGRESSIONAL PRESSURE TO UNILATERALLY LIFT THE U-N ARMS EMBARGO
AND SUPPLY MILITARY HARDWARE TO THE BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT.
TEXT: THE HEARINGS, BY THE HELSINKI COMMISSION OF THE CONGRESS,
WERE MARKED BY BIPARTISAN ATTACKS ON WHAT WAS TERMED WESTERN
APPEASEMENT IN THE FACE OF SERB AGGRESSION IN BOSNIA, AND RENEWED
CALLS FOR THE LIFTING OF THE ARMS EMBARGO.
THE COMMISSION CHAIRMAN, REPUBLICAN CHRISTOPHER SMITH, SAID THAT
HAD THE BOSNIAN SERBS BEEN CONFRONTED WITH WESTERN RESOLVE AND
CREDIBLE MILITARY THREATS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE CONFLICT, THE
BLOODSHED AND SUFFERING OF THE LAST THREE YEARS WOULD HAVE BEEN
AVOIDED.
THE COMMISSION'S RANKING DEMOCRAT, STENY HOYER, SAID DIPLOMATIC
MANEUVERS AIMED AT BRINGING THE BOSNIAN SERBS INTO A SETTLEMENT
PROCESS HAVE AMOUNTED TO APPEASEMENT -- AND THE LEAST THE UNITED
STATES CAN DO IS LIFT THE ARMS EMBARGO FOR THE BOSNIAN
GOVERNMENT:
/// HOYER ACTUALITY ///
THROUGH ALL THE COMPLEXITIES OF THE BALKANS THAT WE MUST
CONSIDER, ONE GENERIC FACT REMAINS -- THE AGGRESSOR IS
BEING REWARDED. AND WHEN YOU REWARD THE AGGRESSOR,
HISTORY SHOWS US YOU GET MORE AGGRESSION. THE U-S
CONGRESS IS ON RECORD IN SUPPORT OF LIFTING THE ARMS
EMBARGO TO ENABLE THE PEOPLE OF BOSNIA TO DEFEND
THEMSELVES AGAINST AGGRESSION AND GENOCIDE. RECOGNIZING
THE RIGHT OF SELF-DEFENSE IS THE MINIMUM, IN MY OPINION
AND IN THE OPINION OF THE CONGRESS, THAT MUST BE GRANTED
TO THE VICTIMS OF THIS VICIOUS AGGRESSION.
/// END ACT ///
THE LEGISLATORS' GENERAL CRITICISM OF ALLIED DIPLOMACY WENT
UNCHALLENGED BY THE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION'S LEAD WITNESS AT THE
HEARING. ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE RICHARD HOLBROOKE SAID THE
WESTERN RESPONSE TO THE BREAK-UP OF YUGOSLAVIA WILL BE JUDGED BY
HISTORY AS THE "GREATEST COLLECTIVE SECURITY FAILURE" SINCE THE
BEGINNING OF WORLD WAR TWO.
HE ALSO SAID HE SHARED THE VIEW THAT THE ARMS EMBARGO IS
"IMMORAL" IN NATURE. BUT HE SAID LIFTING IT -- AT THIS POINT --
WOULD SURELY PROMPT THE DEPARTURE OF WESTERN PEACEKEEPING
FORCES
FROM BOSNIA, AND LEAVE THE UNITED STATES WITH THE OBLIGATION OF
MASSIVELY ASSISTING THE BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT:
/// HOLBROOKE ACTUALITY ///
IF THEY LEAVE, AND ONE MUST ACCEPT IT, JOHN MAJOR
REPEATED THIS TO THE PRESIDENT ON TUESDAY AT OUR PRIVATE
LUNCH. IF THE BRITISH AND THE FRENCH, AND THE OTHER
MAJOR U-N TROOP CONTRIBUTING COUNTRIES LEAVE -- AND THE
CANADIANS, AND THE DUTCH AND THE DANES HAVE ALSO SAID
THEY'LL LEAVE. IF THEY LEAVE THE VACUUM THAT RESULTS
WILL BE FILLED VERY RAPIDLY BY THE SERBS -- UNLESS AS
PART OF A LIFT, THE UNITED STATES IS PREPARED TO LEAD IN
A MASSIVE AND IMMEDIATE SUPPORT, SUPPLY OF THE BOSNIAN
GOVERNMENT.
/// END ACT ///
MR. HOLBROOKE SAID ANY CONGRESSMAN WHO SUPPORTS AN END TO THE
EMBARGO MUST BE PREPARED TO ACCEPT THE CONSEQUENCES, WHICH HE
SAID WOULD ALMOST CERTAINLY BE A FLARE-UP OF FIGHTING AND A U-S
AID COMMITMENT THAT AT THE VERY LEAST WOULD EXCEED ONE BILLION
DOLLARS.
THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY SAID THE IMMEDIATE U-S DIPLOMATIC GOAL IN
BOSNIA IS ACHIEVING AN EXTENSION OF THE CEASEFIRE WHICH HE
CONCEDED IS "ON THE BRINK OF TOTAL COLLAPSE." HE SAID HE
UNDERSTANDS THE BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT'S RELUCTANCE TO EXTEND THE
TRUCE, EXPIRING AT THE END OF THE MONTH, WITH SERB FORCES HOLDING
70 PER CENT OF THE COUNTRY. BUT WITHOUT IT, HE WARNED, THERE IS
IN HIS WORDS "A TREMENDOUS DANGER WE WILL SLIP BACK INTO THE
ABYSS." (SIGNED)
NEB/DAG/LWM
06-Apr-95 3:29 PM EDT (1929 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.147usisbel,
DATE=4/6/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176697
TITLE=HOLBROOKE/BOSNIA (S)
BYLINE=DAVID GOLLUST
DATELINE=CONGRESS
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THERE WERE SPECIAL HEARINGS IN CONGRESS THURSDAY MARKING
THE THIRD ANNIVERSARY OF THE BEGINNING OF MAJOR FIGHTING IN
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA. AS V-O-A'S DAVID GOLLUST REPORTS, THE CLINTON
ADMINISTRATION IS URGING A CONTINUATION OF THE TENUOUS CEASE-FIRE
THERE.
TEXT: THE ADMINISTRATION'S CHIEF EUROPEAN AFFAIRS EXPERT, RICHARD
HOLBROOKE, SAYS THE BOSNIAN CEASEFIRE -- DUE TO EXPIRE AT THE END
OF THE MONTH -- IS ALREADY ON THE BRINK OF TOTAL COLLAPSE. AND HE
SAYS THE UNITED STATES IS DOING ALL IT CAN TO EXTEND THE TRUCE --
DESPITE THE STATED OPPOSITION TO AN EXTENSION BY THE BOSNIAN
GOVERNMENT ITSELF.
THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF STATE, TESTIFYING AT A SPECIAL MEETING
OF THE CONGRESSIONAL HELSINKI COMMISSION, ALSO VOICED OPPOSITION
TO DEMANDS FOR A LIFTING OF THE ARMS EMBARGO AGAINST THE BOSNIAN
GOVERNMENT. MR. HOLBROOKE TOLD MEMBERS A UNILATERAL U-S MOVE TO
LIFT THE EMBARGO WOULD CERTAINLY PROMPT THE DEPARTURE OF U-N
PEACEKEEPERS AND OPEN THE WAY TO SERB BATTLEFIELD GAINS:
///HOLBROOKE ACTUALITY///
IF THEY LEAVE, THE VACUUM THAT RESULTS WILL BE FILLED
VERY RAPIDLY BY THE SERBS -- UNLESS, AS PART OF A LIFT,
THE UNITED STATES IS PREPARED TO LEAD IN A MASSIVE AND
IMMEDIATE SUPPORT, SUPPLY OF THE BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT.
///END ACT///
MR. HOLBROOKE SAID AT LEAST ONE BILLION DOLLARS WORTH OF U-S AID
WOULD BE REQUIRED TO SUPPORT THE BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT IN THE
IMMEDIATE AFTERMATH OF AN EMBARGO REMOVAL. (SIGNED)
NEB/DAG/BG
06-Apr-95 12:09 PM EDT (1609 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.148usisbel,
DATE=4/6/95
TYPE=COMPUTER DIGEST #95-59
NUMBER=3-21509
TITLE=MAGNETIC DATA STORAGE, HOCKEY, SATAN, ETC.
BYLINE=DAN NOBLE
TELEPHONE=619-1014
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=KLEINFELDT
CONTENT=
INTRO: ON THIS EDITION OF COMPUTER DIGEST:
A NEW MAGNETIC DATA-STORAGE DEVICE,
ADDING ELECTRONICS TO THE SPORT OF ICE HOCKEY,
THE DEBUT OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM CALLED SATAN,
SELLING AMERICAN COMPUTERS TO JAPANESE CONSUMERS,
AND, HIGH-TECH FOR EDUCATION.
*****
DATA-STORAGE DEVICE
TEXT: IBM SAYS THAT IT HAS DEVELOPED A TECHNIQUE TO
MAGNETICALLY STORE THREE BILLION BITS (THREE GIGABITS)
OF DATA ON A COMPUTER DISK DRIVE. THE COMPANY SAYS THAT
THE PRODUCT SETS A NEW WORLD RECORD IN MAGNETIC DATA
STORAGE DENSITY -- NEARLY FIVE TIMES THE DENSITY OF THE
MOST ADVANCED DISK DRIVE AVAILABLE TODAY. THREE BILLION
BITS IS EQUAL TO 187, 500 DOUBLE-SPACE TYPEWRITTEN
PAGES: A STACK OF PAPER MORE THAN 19-METERS IN HEIGHT.
*****
HOCKEY
TEXT: THE RUBBER PUCKS, USED BY PROFESSIONAL NORTH AMERICAN
ICE HOCKEY TEAMS, MAY SOON BE EMBEDDED WITH COMPUTER
CHIPS. THE USA TODAY NEWSPAPER SAYS THAT THE REASON IS
TELEVISION. IT'S DIFFICULT FOR HOME VIEWERS TO SEE THE
PUCK WHICH MEASURES LESS THAN EIGHT CENTIMETERS IN
DIAMETER. ONE SUGGESTION THAT AN AMERICAN NETWORK IS
CONSIDERING, INVOLVES A SMALL COMPUTER CHIP, THE SIZE OF
A FINGERNAIL. ACCORDING TO THE NEWSPAPER, "THE CHIP
WOULD EMIT A RADIO SIGNAL. A COMPUTER COULD THEN ZERO
IN ON THE SIGNAL AND USE GRAPHICS TO DO THINGS TO THE
IMAGE OF THE PUCK." IT COULD GIVE IT A COMET-LIKE TAIL,
OR A BRIGHT COLOR. TO THE PLAYERS AND FANS IN THE
ARENA, "THE PUCK WOULD LOOK JUST AS IT ALWAYS DOES -- A
DULL BLACK."
*****
SATAN
TEXT: A CONTROVERSIAL, FREE PROGRAM, KNOWN AS SATAN WAS PLACED
ON THE INTERNET ON WEDNESDAY BY ITS DEVELOPER. SATAN
STANDS FOR SECURITY ADMINISTRATORS TOOL FOR ANALYZING
NETWORKS AND "IS DESIGNED TO HELP NETWORK ADMINISTRATORS
FIND AND PATCH VULNERABILITIES THAT COULD BE EXPLOITED
BY UNAUTHORIZED USERS." BUT, AS THE LOS ANGELES TIMES
POINTS OUT, "SINCE IT IS FREE AND EASILY ACCESSIBLE,
ANYONE WITH BASIC COMPUTER SKILLS COULD JUST AS EASILY
USE SATAN TO FIND THE WEAKNESSES AND GAIN ACCESS TO
COMMERCIAL, MILITARY, EDUCATIONAL OR GOVERNMENT
COMPUTERS THAT CONTAIN SENSITIVE OR VALUABLE
INFORMATION."
*****
THE JAPANESE MARKET
TEXT: AMERICAN COMPANIES ARE ENTERING THE JAPANESE HOME-TECH
MARKET. THE CHRISTIAN SCIENCE MONITOR REPORTS THAT "LOW
PRICES AND LONG-AWAITED JAPANESE-LANGUAGE SOFTWARE ARE
GIVING US FIRMS AN EDGE OVER JAPANESE RIVALS." FOR
EXAMPLE, APPLE COMPUTER'S MARKET SHARE HAS GONE FROM
LESS THAN NINE PERCENT IN 1992 TO MORE THAN FIFTEEN
PERCENT IN 1994. ALSO, IN 1994, TOTAL AMERICAN
SHIPMENTS OF MS-DOS BASED COMPUTERS REACHED JUST UNDER
28-PERCENT OF THE MARKET, UP FROM APPROXIMATELY
10.5-PERCENT IN 1992. THE MONITOR NOTES THAT "THE
INFLUX OF FOREIGN-MADE COMPUTERS BECAME A FLOOD IN LATE
1993 WHEN A BILINGUAL VERSION OF (THE MICROSOFT) WINDOWS
(SOFTWARE) WAS INTRODUCED IN JAPAN.
*****
SCHOOLS
TEXT: EARLIER THIS WEEK, (FYI - TUESDAY, APRIL 4), THE GENERAL
ACCOUNTING OFFICE -- THE U-S CONGRESS' INVESTIGATIVE ARM
-- CAME OUT WITH A SURVEY SAYING THAT MOST SCHOOLS IN
AMERICA "LACK KEY TECHNOLOGIES, AND TEACHERS AREN'T
PROPERLY TRAINED TO USE THE EQUIPMENT." MORE THAN HALF
OF THE 10,000 SCHOOLS SURVEYED LACK MODEMS AND PHONE
LINE CONNECTIONS. A THIRD OF THE SCHOOLS ALSO SAY THAT
THEY HAVE INSUFFICIENT ELECTRICAL WIRING TO HANDLE
HIGH-TECH DEVICES.
06-Apr-95 5:04 PM EDT (2104 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.149usisbel,
DATE=4/6/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176689
TITLE=BOSNIA SITREP (L)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: FIGHTING IS SPREADING IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA. THE UNITED
NATIONS COMMAND IN SARAJEVO FEARS A RETURN OF LARGE-SCALE WAR
AND
INCREASED SUFFERING AMONG CIVILIANS. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS
FROM OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: THE MAIN BATTLEFRONT OF THE WAR IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA IS
STILL A MOUNTAIN RANGE NEAR THE GOVERNMENT-HELD TOWN OF TUZLA,
IN
THE NORTHEAST.
HEAVY SHELLING AND GROUND ATTACKS CONTINUE IN THAT REGION, WHERE
THE BOSNIAN ARMY BEGAN AN OFFENSIVE AGAINST THE SERBS LAST MONTH.
SARAJEVO RADIO SAYS THE SERBS HAVE AGAIN SHELLED TUZLA. THE
SERBS HAVE SAID THEY NO LONGER RECOGNIZE TUZLA'S STATUS AS A
UNITED NATIONS DECLARED SAFE AREA.
WHILE THE FIGHTING AROUND TUZLA HAS INTENSIFIED, THERE HAVE BEEN
NEW CLASHES BETWEEN MUSLIM AND SERB FORCES NEAR THE TOWN OF
DOBOJ, IN NORTH-CENTRAL BOSNIA.
THE MILITARY SITUATION IN AND AROUND SARAJEVO IS ALSO
DETERIORATING. SERBS HAVE SHELLED A GOVERNMENT-HELD SUBURB
AGAIN AFTER AN INITIAL ATTACK THAT VIOLATED THE U-N AND
NATO-BACKED HEAVY WEAPONS EXCLUSION ZONE.
THE U-N COMMAND EARLIER REPORTED MORE THAN ONE THOUSAND
SHOOTING
INCIDENTS IN THE SARAJEVO REGION DURING THE 24-HOUR PERIOD THAT
ENDED THURSDAY MORNING.
THE WARRING FORCES SHOW NO INTEREST IN NEGOTIATIONS. THERE IS
NO DISCERNIBLE OR SIGNIFICANT DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITY BY THE MAJOR
POWERS THAT COULD LEAD TO PEACE IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA.
A U-N SPOKESMAN IN SARAJEVO SAYS THE WARRING FORCES ARE TAKING
ADVANTAGE OF IMPROVED WEATHER CONDITIONS TO INCREASE THEIR
MILITARY ACTIVITIES. HE WARNS THAT BOSNIA MAY BE RETURNING TO A
LARGE-SCALE WAR THAT WOULD HAVE TRAGIC REPERCUSSIONS ON
CIVILIANS. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/MH/BG
06-Apr-95 10:54 AM EDT (1454 UTC)
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voa.150usisbel,
DATE=4/6/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176685
TITLE=BOSNIA SITREP (S-UPDATE)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: FIGHTING IS SPREADING IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AS THE
COUNTRY BEGINS A FOURTH YEAR OF WAR. THE UNITED NATIONS COMMAND
IN SARAJEVO IS WARNING OF A RETURN TO A LARGE-SCALE CONFLICT.
V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN BUREAU IN
VIENNA.
TEXT: HEAVY SHELLING AND GROUND ATTACKS HAVE CONTINUED IN THE
MOUNTAINS NEAR THE GOVERNMENT-HELD TOWN OF TUZLA IN
NORTHEASTERN
BOSNIA. SARAJEVO RADIO SAYS SERB GUNNERS HAVE AGAIN SHELLED
TUZLA, A UNITED NATIONS-DECLARED SAFE AREA.
NEW FIGHTING IS REPORTED AROUND THE TOWN OF DOBOJ IN NORTHERN
BOSNIA, AND THE U-N COMMAND IN SARAJEVO FEARS FRESH CLASHES IN
CENTRAL BOSNIA.
THE MILITARY SITUATION IN AND AROUND THE BOSNIAN CAPITAL IS
GETTING WORSE, TOO. MORE THAN ONE THOUSAND SHOOTING INCIDENTS
WERE REPORTED IN THE SARAJEVO REGION DURING THE 24-HOUR PERIOD
THAT ENDED THURSDAY MORNING.
A U-N SPOKESMAN IN SARAJEVO SAYS THE MUSLIM-LED BOSNIAN ARMY AND
THE BOSNIAN SERBS ARE BOTH TAKING ADVANTAGE OF BETTER WEATHER TO
INCREASE THEIR MILITARY ACTIVITIES.
THE SPOKESMAN WARNS THAT BOSNIA MAY BE HEADING FOR A LARGE-SCALE
WAR WHICH WOULD HAVE TRAGIC CONSEQUENCES FOR THE CIVILIAN
POPULATION.
MUCH MORE INTENSE FIGHTING HAS BEEN EXPECTED PARTLY BECAUSE
THERE
IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIPLOMATIC MOMENTUM TOWARD PEACE. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/SKH/CF
06-Apr-95 10:24 AM EDT (1424 UTC)
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voa.151usisbel,
DATE=4/6/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176674
TITLE=YUGO SITREP (S)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
/// EDS NOTE: A LONG CR ON THIS IS EXPECTED BY 15 GMT ///
INTRO: INCREASED FIGHTING IS REPORTED IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AS
THE COUNTRY BEGINS A FOURTH YEAR OF WAR. THERE HAVE BEEN HEAVY
SHELLING ATTACKS IN NORTHERN BOSNIA AND NEW INCIDENTS AROUND
SARAJEVO. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN
BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: THE UNITED NATIONS COMMAND IN SARAJEVO REPORTS CONTINUED
HEAVY SHELLING ATTACKS IN THE MOUNTAINS NEAR THE TOWN OF TUZLA
IN
NORTHEASTERN BOSNIA.
SARAJEVO RADIO SAYS SERB GUNNERS HAVE AGAIN SHELLED TUZLA, A U-N
/ DECLARED SAFE AREA. THE SERBS HAVE SAID THEY NO LONGER
RECOGNIZE THE TOWN AS A SAFE AREA BECAUSE GOVERNMENT TROOPS
THERE
BEGAN A BIG OFFENSIVE AGAINST THEM LAST MONTH.
INCREASED MILITARY ACTIVITY IS ALSO REPORTED IN ANOTHER REGION OF
NORTHERN BOSNIA AND AROUND SARAJEVO.
FRENCH PEACEKEEPERS HAVE FIRED SMOKE GRENADES TO TRY TO STOP THE
SERBS FROM FIRING ON A ROAD THROUGH WHICH SUPPLIES ARE BROUGHT
INTO THE BOSNIAN CAPITAL.
REFLECTING GROWING TENSION IN SARAJEVO, THE U-N COMMAND SAYS
THERE WERE MORE THAN ONE THOUSAND SHOOTING INCIDENTS IN AND
AROUND THE CITY DURING THE 24-HOUR PERIOD THAT ENDED THURSDAY
MORNING.
ABOUT 200 THOUSAND PEOPLE ARE BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN KILLED OR
HAVE DISAPPEARED IN BOSNIA SINCE THE WAR IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAV
REPUBLIC BEGAN IN 1992. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/SKH
06-Apr-95 6:19 AM EDT (1019 UTC)
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voa.152usisbel,
DATE=4/10/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176865
TITLE=YUGO SITREP (L)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE UNITED NATIONS COMMANDER IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA HAS
WARNED THE SERBS THAT NATO WARPLANES COULD ATTACK THEM IF THEY
CONTINUE TO SHELL SARAJEVO. NATO PLANES ARE SAID TO BE
IDENTIFYING POSSIBLE SERB TARGETS. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS
FROM OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: AFTER TOLERATING SERB SHELLING OF OTHER UNITED
NATIONS-DECLARED SAFE AREAS, THE U-N COMMANDER IN BOSNIA, BRITISH
GENERAL RUPERT SMITH, HAS WARNED THE SERBS TO STOP SHELLING
SARAJEVO.
HE HAS SENT A PROTEST NOTE TO THE SERBS FOLLOWING THEIR REPEATED
SHELLING OF THE BOSNIAN CAPITAL OVER THE WEEKEND. THE SHELLING
AND A SNIPING ATTACK KILLED THREE PEOPLE AND WOUNDED A NUMBER OF
OTHERS.
A U-N SPOKESMAN IN SARAJEVO SAYS THE SERBS COWARDLY SHELLED
CIVILIANS IN AN UNPROVOKED ATTACK ON THE CITY SUNDAY NIGHT.
IN RESPONSE TO THE SHELLING, NATO WARPLANES WERE CALLED OUT TO
IDENTIFY POSSIBLE SERB TARGETS TO ATTACK. A SERB HEAVY MORTAR
POSITION WAS CONSIDERED TOO CLOSE TO A CIVILIAN AREA TO BE
ATTACKED WITHOUT POSSIBLE CIVILIAN CASUALTIES.
IF SARAJEVO CONTINUES TO BE SHELLED, U-N OFFICIALS MAY FEEL AIR
STRIKES MUST BE REQUESTED PARTLY TO MAINTAIN THEIR CREDIBILITY
WITH THE WARRING FORCES.
AMID GROWING TENSION IN SARAJEVO, THE SARAJEVO AIRLIFT REMAINS
SUSPENDED FOLLOWING THE LATEST SERB ATTACK ON A RELIEF FLIGHT. A
PLANE THAT BROUGHT RELIEF SUPPLIES TO THE BOSNIAN CAPITAL WAS HIT
BY 10 BULLETS LATE LAST WEEK.
IN CROATIA, A POLISH PEACEKEEPER AT A U-N OBSERVATION POST HAS
BEEN KILLED BY A CROATIAN ARMY SOLDIER. THE INCIDENT IS BEING
INVESTIGATED.
MEANWHILE, ENVOYS OF THE MAJOR POWERS ARE ABOUT TO VISIT
BELGRADE, SARAJEVO, AND ZAGREB AGAIN IN ANOTHER ATTEMPT TO
REVITALIZE THE PEACE PROCESS IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA.
IN BELGRADE, THE DIPLOMATS WILL OFFER SERBIAN PRESIDENT SLOBODAN
MILOSEVIC A FURTHER, GRADUAL EASING OF SANCTIONS AGAINST
YUGOSLAVIA IF HE BACKS YUGOSLAV MOVES TO RECOGNIZE
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND CROATIA. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/SKH/BG
10-Apr-95 11:19 AM EDT (1519 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
Download Complete. 2196 total bytes, 2196 bytes/sec
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voa.153usisbel,
DATE=4/10/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176860
TITLE=YUGO SITREP (S)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE UNITED NATIONS COMMAND IN SARAJEVO HAS WARNED THE
BOSNIAN SERBS OF POSSIBLE NATO AIR STRIKES AGAINST THEM IF THEY
CONTINUE TO SHELL THE BOSNIAN CAPITAL. NATO WARPLANES HAVE BEEN
ASKED TO IDENTIFY POSSIBLE SERB TARGETS TO ATTACK. V-O-A'S WAYNE
COREY REPORTS FROM OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: THE WARNING OF POSSIBLE NATO AIR STRIKES IS CONTAINED IN A
PROTEST NOTE TO THE SERBS FROM THE UNITED NATIONS MILITARY
COMMANDER IN BOSNIA, BRITISH GENERAL RUPERT SMITH.
THE PROTEST FOLLOWS WEEKEND SERB SHELLING ATTACKS ON SARAJEVO IN
WHICH THREE PEOPLE WERE KILLED AND A NUMBER OF OTHERS WERE
WOUNDED. A U-N SPOKESMAN IN SARAJEVO SAYS THE ATTACKS ON
CIVILIANS ARE COWARDLY.
NATO WARPLANES WERE CALLED OUT TO IDENTIFY POSSIBLE SERB TARGETS
TO ATTACK IF SARAJEVO IS SHELLED AGAIN AND IF U-N OFFICIALS IN
ZAGREB REQUEST A NATO RESPONSE.
AIR STRIKES HAVE NOT BEEN REQUESTED SINCE NOVEMBER EVEN THOUGH
THE SERBS HAVE REPEATEDLY SHELLED U-N / DECLARED SAFE AREAS. THE
SERBS APPEAR TO BELIEVE THEY CAN SHELL THESE AREAS WITH VIRTUAL
IMPUNITY AS LONG AS THERE ARE FEW CIVILIAN CASUALTIES.
SARAJEVO IS ONE OF THESE SO-CALLED SAFE AREAS, BUT IT IS ALSO THE
BOSNIAN CAPITAL, SO IT IS A SPECIAL CASE. U-N OFFICIALS MAY FEEL
SARAJEVO MUST BE PROTECTED IF THEY ARE TO MAINTAIN WHAT LITTLE
CREDIBILITY THEY MAY STILL HAVE WITH THE WARRING FORCES IN
BOSNIA. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/SKH/CF
10-Apr-95 9:26 AM EDT (1326 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
Download Complete. 1618 total bytes, 1618 bytes/sec
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voa.154usisbel,
DATE=4/10/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176897
TITLE=U-N AMBASSADOR ALBRIGHT/L-A (L-ONLY)
BYLINE=ALAN SILVERMAN
DATELINE=LOS ANGELES
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE U-S AMBASSADOR TO THE UNITED NATIONS IS LASHING OUT
AT PENDING CONGRESSIONAL LEGISLATION THAT WOULD ALTER AMERICAN
POLICY TOWARD AND INVOLVEMENT IN THE WORLD BODY. V-O-A'S ALAN
SILVERMAN REPORTS ON AMBASSADOR MADELEINE ALBRIGHT'S COMMENTS
MONDAY TO STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES
[U.C.L.A] CAMPUS:
TEXT: POSING AND ANSWERING HER OWN QUESTION -- "WHAT'S IN IT
FOR US ?" -- AMBASSADOR ALBRIGHT CHARGES CONGRESSIONAL CRITICS OF
THE U-N WITH PROMOTING A NEW ISOLATIONISM:
/// OPT /// /// ALBRIGHT ACTUALITY ///
THAT HAS BECOME N-O-T SIMPLY FAULTY POLITICAL STRATEGY.
IT IS ABSURD.
/// END ACTUALITY /// /// END OPT ///
SPEAKING TO STUDENTS OF THE U-C-L-A SCHOOL OF PUBLIC POLICY AND
SOCIAL RESEARCH, THE AMERICAN ENVOY LISTS BENEFITS RANGING FROM
NUCLEAR INSPECTION TO HEALTH PROGRAMS AND HUMAN RIGHTS. BUT MS.
ALBRIGHT RESERVED HER STRONGEST DEFENSE FOR THE ACTIVITY THAT
CONGRESSIONAL OPPONENTS WANT MOST TO LIMIT: PEACE-KEEPING. SHE
PREDICTS DIRE CONSEQUENCES IF A HOUSE-APPROVED BILL -- PART OF
THE REPUBLICAN LEADERSHIP'S "CONTRACT WITH AMERICA" -- SUCCEEDS
IN RESTRICTING U-S FUNDING FOR U-N PEACE OPERATIONS:
/// ALBRIGHT ACTUALITY ///
IF THIS ISOLATIONIST VIEW SHOULD PREVAIL AND
PEACEKEEPERS ARE WITHDRAWN, WE COULD EXPECT WIDER WAR IN
THE BALKANS, HIGHER TENSIONS IN TINDERBOX REGIONS SUCH
AS CYPRUS AND THE MIDDLE EAST, A RENEWED THREAT TO
DEMOCRACY IN HAITI AND A FURTHER SERIES OF HUMANITARIAN
DISASTERS IN AFRICA. THESE CONSEQUENCES ARE N-O-T
ACCEPTABLE. THE ISOLATIONIST TIDE MUST BE TURNED BACK.
/// END ACTUALITY ///
ACKNOWLEDGING SOME CRITICISMS ARE WARRANTED, AMBASSADOR
ALBRIGHT
SAYS NECESSARY CHANGES ARE BEING MADE TO MAKE ELIMINATE WASTE,
FRAUD AND ABUSE AT THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY:
/// ALBRIGHT ACTUALITY ///
/// OPT /// THE U-N, DURING ITS LIFETIME -- IT IS NOW 50
YEARS OLD THIS YEAR -- HAS, IN FACT, ACQUIRED SOME
HABITS THAT ARE N-O-T GOOD IN TERMS OF HAVING AN
OVERLY-LARGE BUREAUCRACY AND WASTING MONEY. I THINK
THAT THERE THE RESPONSE TO IT IS: WE KNOW THIS. /// END
OPT /// IT IS A MESSAGE THAT I CARRY LOUD AND CLEAR
THAT IS BEING PICKED UP BY MORE AND MORE OF THE
COUNTRIES WITHIN THE U-N ,AND THAT WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO
DO IS RESPOND TO THAT SO EVERY DOLLAR OR FRANC OR MARK
OR RUBLE THAT IS SPENT IS ACTUALLY GOING TO THE PURPOSES
FOR WHICH IT IS GIVEN.
/// END ACTUALITY ///
ADAPTING A FAVORITE CLINTON ADMINISTRATION SLOGAN USUALLY USED
TO
DESCRIBE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CHANGES, AMBASSADOR ALBRIGHT URGES
THAT THIS 50TH ANNIVERSARY YEAR BE A TIME TO "RE-INVENT" THE
UNITED NATIONS APPROPRIATE AND RELEVANT TO THE POST-COLD WAR
WORLD. (SIGNED)
NEB/ADS/PT
10-Apr-95 9:48 PM EDT (0148 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
Download Complete. 3204 total bytes, 3204 bytes/sec
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voa.155usisbel,
// RE-ISSUING WITH CORRECT 'TYPE' LINE //
DATE=4/10/95
TYPE=CLOSEUP
NUMBER=4-08248
TITLE=A VIEW OF SARAJEVO
BYLINE=DOUGLAS ROBERTS
TELEPHONE=619-1101
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=PAMELA TAYLOR/PHIL HAYNES
CONTENT= // VOICE TRACK AND INSERTS AVAILABLE FROM S-O-D //
INTRO: CORRESPONDENT DOUG ROBERTS RECENTLY RETURNED FROM AN
ASSIGNMENT IN SARAJEVO, THE BESIEGED CAPITAL OF
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA. HE SAYS WERE IT NOT FOR AN
ON-AGAIN, OFF-AGAIN U-N AIRLIFT, SARAJEVO WOULD BE
EFFECTIVELY CUT OFF FROM THE OUTSIDE WORLD. INSTEAD, HE
FOUND THAT THE BOSNIAN TRUCE NEGOTIATED BY FORMER U-S
PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER EARLIER THIS YEAR HAS BROUGHT A
SEMBLANCE OF NORMALCY:
TEXT: THEY CALL IT "MAYBE AIRLINES", THE ERRATICALLY SCHEDULED
U-N FLIGHTS TO SARAJEVO AND OTHER BALKAN CAPITALS. THE
NAME SEEMS APPROPRIATE--MAYBE YOU'LL LEAVE ON TIME, BUT
MAYBE YOU WON'T. MAYBE, YOU WON'T LEAVE AT ALL. AND
YOU MAY WELL BE GLAD YOU DIDN'T, ESPECIALLY IF SOME
ANONYMOUS GUNMAN IN SARAJEVO HAS AGAIN DECIDED TO TAKE
POT SHOTS AT U-N PLANES. IT HAS HAPPENED MANY TIMES
BEFORE AND DOUBTLESS WILL AGAIN.
THE U-N RUNS A SHUTTLE SERVICE FROM THE AIRPORT INTO THE
CITY. AN ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIER RATHER THAN A BUS
SNAKED THROUGH A SUBURBAN BATTLEGROUND KNOWN AS
DOBRINJA, AND INTO THE HEART OF SARAJEVO.
TAPE: CUT # 1 SARAJEVO MARKETPLACE (UP AND UNDER) RUNS
[:27]
TEXT: THE OPEN-AIR MARKET IN THE HEART OF SARAJEVO'S OLD
QUARTER. IT WAS A SCENE OF CARNAGE AND HORROR JUST A
YEAR AGO WHEN A SUDDEN SERB SHELLING ATTACK LEFT DOZENS
DEAD AND WOUNDED. THE BLOODSTAINS HAVE LONG SINCE
WASHED AWAY, LIKE SO MANY OTHERS IN THIS BELEAGUERED
CITY. THE WOODEN STALLS HAVE BEEN REPAIRED OR
REPLACED; AND THE MARKET IS OPEN AND FUNCTIONING AGAIN.
THERE WAS HARDLY A CORNUCOPIA OF GOODS ON DISPLAY.
FRESH VEGETABLES WERE CONSPICUOUSLY ABSENT. THE VICTORY
GARDENS THAT SEEMED TO DOT VIRTUALLY EVERY SPARE PATCH
OF GROUND IN THE CITY WILL PROVIDE LETTUCE AND CABBAGE,
CARROTS, TOMATOES AND EVEN SOME PEPPERS IN THE SPRING
AND SUMMER. BUT IN THE WINTER MONTHS, POTATOS, ONIONS
AND A FEW MUSHROOMS SEEMED THE ONLY VEGETABLES
AVAILABLE. THERE WAS PLENTY OF MEAT, AS WELL AS EGGS,
CANNED GOODS, EVEN NUTS. AND HAWKERS OFFERED BOTTLES OF
WINE AND BRANDY. PRICES WERE HIGH, AND THE GERMAN
DEUTSCHE-MARK WAS THE ONLY CURRENCY CHANGING HANDS. THE
BOSNIAN DINAR IS VIRTUALLY VALUELESS, ACCEPTED ONLY TO
PURCHASE BREAD AND NEWSPAPERS. SARAJEVANS SOMEHOW
MANAGE TO GET BY, BUT IT WAS DIFFICULT TO SEE HOW.
EQUALLY MYSTERIOUS IN A CITY UNDER SEIGE WAS WHERE THE
GOODS IN THE MARKETPLACE COME FROM? MY DRIVER, HUSSEIN
HADZOVIC, PROVIDED AN ANECDOTAL EXPLANATION, POINTING TO
THE DRINKS ON A TABLE IN ONE OF SARAJEVO'S MANY CAFES.
THAT GLASS OF MILK, HE SAID --- THAT'S HUMANITARIAN AID.
THE CAN OF ORANGE SODA HAD FRENCH MARKINGS, MEANING IT
WAS SMUGGLED OUT OF A U-N WAREHOUSE TO BE SOLD ON THE
BLACK MARKET. AND THE COLA? BOTTLED IN CROATIA, SAID
HUSSEIN, SO IT MUST HAVE COME IN ON THE BLUE ROUTE OR
MAYBE THROUGH THE TUNNEL. THE BLUE ROUTE IS THE U-N
CONTROLLED ROAD WHICH RUNS ACROSS THE TARMAC OF SARAJEVO
AIRPORT, LINKING THE CAPITAL WITH GOVERNMENT-HELD
TERRITORY A FEW KILOMETERS TO THE SOUTHWEST. SERB
COMMANDERS AGREED TO LET SARAJEVANS USE THE BLUE ROUTE
AS PART OF THE NEW YEAR'S TRUCE ACCORD:
TAPE: CUT # 3 SOUND OF SCHOOL (UP & UNDER) RUNS [:11]
TEXT: SCHOOLS WERE OPEN AGAIN -- AFTER AN EXTENDED WINTER
BREAK WHEN POWER SUPPLIES WERE NOT SUFFICIENT TO KEEP
THE BUILDINGS HEATED. "WE HAD TO SEND THE CHILDREN
HOME", SAID PRINCIPAL VJEKOSLAV BREZAR, BECAUSE THEIR
FINGERS WERE STIFF WITH COLD. BUT THIS SARAJEVO WINTER
WAS COMPARATIVELY MILD AND BRIEF, AND NINE YEAR OLD
AVDIA, FOR ONE, WAS HAPPY TO BE BACK IN CLASS. HE
EXCELS AT MATH AND ART BUT LIKE BOYS AROUND THE WORLD,
HIS MAIN AMBITION IS TO BE A FOOTBALL (SOCCER) STAR.
AVDIA ISN'T THE ONLY ORPHAN AT THE MALTA SCHOOL. AND
MANY OF THE PUPILS ARE CHILDREN OF REFUGEES WHO HAVE
FLED TO THE CAPITAL FROM OTHER PARTS OF THE COUNTRY.
THERE ARE MUSLIM, CROAT AND SERB CHILDREN AT THE MALTA
SCHOOL.
TAPE: CUT # 6 -MUSIC FROM INDEPENDENCE CEREMONY (UP AND
UNDER) RUNS :41
TEXT: BOSNIA'S UNOFFICIAL NATIONAL ANTHEM (AT) AN INDEPENDENCE
DAY CEREMONY AT A DOWNTOWN CONCERT HALL. IT WAS THE
FIRST TIME THE EVENT WAS COMMEMORATED HERE. BOSNIA'S
MUSLIM CHIEF OF STATE, ALIJA IZETBEGOVIC, WAS THE MAIN
SPEAKER. BUT SERB AND CROAT MEMBERS OF THE COUNTRY'S
COLLECTIVE PRESIDENCY WERE ALSO IN ATTENDANCE.
RUSMIRA HADZIMULIC, A MUSLIM WOMAN IN HER 50'S, BELIEVES
BOSNIA'S MUSLIMS, CROATS AND SERBS MUST LEARN TO LIVE
TOGETHER AGAIN. OUR NEIGHBORS ARE SERBS, SHE SAID, AND
WE HAVE HELPED EACH OTHER THROUGH THESE TERRIBLE TIMES.
BUT IF SARAJEVO'S MUSLIMS DISPLAY WARMTH AND AFFECTION
FOR THE SERBS AND CROATS WHO HAVE SHARED THEIR ORDEALS
DURING THE THREE YEARS OF WAR, THEY HAVE NOTHING BUT
SCORN FOR WHAT THEY CALL THE "CHETNIKS IN THE
MOUNTAINS", THE SERB GUNNERS WHO HAVE POUNDED SARAJEVO
RELENTLESSLY FROM THE HILLS THAT RING THE CITY.
AS I LEFT SARAJEVO, THERE WAS NO SIGN THAT THE WAR WILL
END ANYTIME SOON. SNIPERS WERE BACK IN ACTION ON BOTH
SIDES OF THE FRONT. (SIGNED)
NEB/DR/PAM/PCH
10-Apr-95 3:01 PM EDT (1901 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
Download Complete. 6145 total bytes, 6145 bytes/sec
Press <RETURN> to continue
voa.156usisbel,
DATE=4/10/95
TYPE=CLOSEUP REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK
NUMBER=4-08248
TITLE=A VIEW OF SARAJEVO
BYLINE=DOUGLAS ROBERTS
TELEPHONE=619-1101
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=PAMELA TAYLOR/PHIL HAYNES
CONTENT= // VOICE TRACK AND INSERTS AVAILABLE FROM S-O-D //
INTRO: CORRESPONDENT DOUG ROBERTS RECENTLY RETURNED FROM AN
ASSIGNMENT IN SARAJEVO, THE BESIEGED CAPITAL OF
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA. HE SAYS WERE IT NOT FOR AN
ON-AGAIN, OFF-AGAIN U-N AIRLIFT, SARAJEVO WOULD BE
EFFECTIVELY CUT OFF FROM THE OUTSIDE WORLD. INSTEAD, HE
FOUND THAT THE BOSNIAN TRUCE NEGOTIATED BY FORMER U-S
PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER EARLIER THIS YEAR HAS BROUGHT A
SEMBLANCE OF NORMALCY:
TEXT: THEY CALL IT "MAYBE AIRLINES", THE ERRATICALLY SCHEDULED
U-N FLIGHTS TO SARAJEVO AND OTHER BALKAN CAPITALS. THE
NAME SEEMS APPROPRIATE--MAYBE YOU'LL LEAVE ON TIME, BUT
MAYBE YOU WON'T. MAYBE, YOU WON'T LEAVE AT ALL. AND
YOU MAY WELL BE GLAD YOU DIDN'T, ESPECIALLY IF SOME
ANONYMOUS GUNMAN IN SARAJEVO HAS AGAIN DECIDED TO TAKE
POT SHOTS AT U-N PLANES. IT HAS HAPPENED MANY TIMES
BEFORE AND DOUBTLESS WILL AGAIN.
THE U-N RUNS A SHUTTLE SERVICE FROM THE AIRPORT INTO THE
CITY. AN ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIER RATHER THAN A BUS
SNAKED THROUGH A SUBURBAN BATTLEGROUND KNOWN AS
DOBRINJA, AND INTO THE HEART OF SARAJEVO.
TAPE: CUT # 1 SARAJEVO MARKETPLACE (UP AND UNDER) RUNS
[:27]
TEXT: THE OPEN-AIR MARKET IN THE HEART OF SARAJEVO'S OLD
QUARTER. IT WAS A SCENE OF CARNAGE AND HORROR JUST A
YEAR AGO WHEN A SUDDEN SERB SHELLING ATTACK LEFT DOZENS
DEAD AND WOUNDED. THE BLOODSTAINS HAVE LONG SINCE
WASHED AWAY, LIKE SO MANY OTHERS IN THIS BELEAGUERED
CITY. THE WOODEN STALLS HAVE BEEN REPAIRED OR
REPLACED; AND THE MARKET IS OPEN AND FUNCTIONING AGAIN.
THERE WAS HARDLY A CORNUCOPIA OF GOODS ON DISPLAY.
FRESH VEGETABLES WERE CONSPICUOUSLY ABSENT. THE VICTORY
GARDENS THAT SEEMED TO DOT VIRTUALLY EVERY SPARE PATCH
OF GROUND IN THE CITY WILL PROVIDE LETTUCE AND CABBAGE,
CARROTS, TOMATOES AND EVEN SOME PEPPERS IN THE SPRING
AND SUMMER. BUT IN THE WINTER MONTHS, POTATOS, ONIONS
AND A FEW MUSHROOMS SEEMED THE ONLY VEGETABLES
AVAILABLE. THERE WAS PLENTY OF MEAT, AS WELL AS EGGS,
CANNED GOODS, EVEN NUTS. AND HAWKERS OFFERED BOTTLES OF
WINE AND BRANDY. PRICES WERE HIGH, AND THE GERMAN
DEUTSCHE-MARK WAS THE ONLY CURRENCY CHANGING HANDS. THE
BOSNIAN DINAR IS VIRTUALLY VALUELESS, ACCEPTED ONLY TO
PURCHASE BREAD AND NEWSPAPERS. SARAJEVANS SOMEHOW
MANAGE TO GET BY, BUT IT WAS DIFFICULT TO SEE HOW.
EQUALLY MYSTERIOUS IN A CITY UNDER SEIGE WAS WHERE THE
GOODS IN THE MARKETPLACE COME FROM? MY DRIVER, HUSSEIN
HADZOVIC, PROVIDED AN ANECDOTAL EXPLANATION, POINTING TO
THE DRINKS ON A TABLE IN ONE OF SARAJEVO'S MANY CAFES.
THAT GLASS OF MILK, HE SAID --- THAT'S HUMANITARIAN AID.
THE CAN OF ORANGE SODA HAD FRENCH MARKINGS, MEANING IT
WAS SMUGGLED OUT OF A U-N WAREHOUSE TO BE SOLD ON THE
BLACK MARKET. AND THE COLA? BOTTLED IN CROATIA, SAID
HUSSEIN, SO IT MUST HAVE COME IN ON THE BLUE ROUTE OR
MAYBE THROUGH THE TUNNEL. THE BLUE ROUTE IS THE U-N
CONTROLLED ROAD WHICH RUNS ACROSS THE TARMAC OF SARAJEVO
AIRPORT, LINKING THE CAPITAL WITH GOVERNMENT-HELD
TERRITORY A FEW KILOMETERS TO THE SOUTHWEST. SERB
COMMANDERS AGREED TO LET SARAJEVANS USE THE BLUE ROUTE
AS PART OF THE NEW YEAR'S TRUCE ACCORD:
TAPE: CUT # 3 SOUND OF SCHOOL (UP & UNDER) RUNS [:11]
TEXT: SCHOOLS WERE OPEN AGAIN -- AFTER AN EXTENDED WINTER
BREAK WHEN POWER SUPPLIES WERE NOT SUFFICIENT TO KEEP
THE BUILDINGS HEATED. "WE HAD TO SEND THE CHILDREN
HOME", SAID PRINCIPAL VJEKOSLAV BREZAR, BECAUSE THEIR
FINGERS WERE STIFF WITH COLD. BUT THIS SARAJEVO WINTER
WAS COMPARATIVELY MILD AND BRIEF, AND NINE YEAR OLD
AVDIA, FOR ONE, WAS HAPPY TO BE BACK IN CLASS. HE
EXCELS AT MATH AND ART BUT LIKE BOYS AROUND THE WORLD,
HIS MAIN AMBITION IS TO BE A FOOTBALL (SOCCER) STAR.
AVDIA ISN'T THE ONLY ORPHAN AT THE MALTA SCHOOL. AND
MANY OF THE PUPILS ARE CHILDREN OF REFUGEES WHO HAVE
FLED TO THE CAPITAL FROM OTHER PARTS OF THE COUNTRY.
THERE ARE MUSLIM, CROAT AND SERB CHILDREN AT THE MALTA
SCHOOL.
TAPE: CUT # 6 -MUSIC FROM INDEPENDENCE CEREMONY (UP AND
UNDER) RUNS :41
TEXT: BOSNIA'S UNOFFICIAL NATIONAL ANTHEM (AT) AN INDEPENDENCE
DAY CEREMONY AT A DOWNTOWN CONCERT HALL. IT WAS THE
FIRST TIME THE EVENT WAS COMMEMORATED HERE. BOSNIA'S
MUSLIM CHIEF OF STATE, ALIJA IZETBEGOVIC, WAS THE MAIN
SPEAKER. BUT SERB AND CROAT MEMBERS OF THE COUNTRY'S
COLLECTIVE PRESIDENCY WERE ALSO IN ATTENDANCE.
RUSMIRA HADZIMULIC, A MUSLIM WOMAN IN HER 50'S, BELIEVES
BOSNIA'S MUSLIMS, CROATS AND SERBS MUST LEARN TO LIVE
TOGETHER AGAIN. OUR NEIGHBORS ARE SERBS, SHE SAID, AND
WE HAVE HELPED EACH OTHER THROUGH THESE TERRIBLE TIMES.
BUT IF SARAJEVO'S MUSLIMS DISPLAY WARMTH AND AFFECTION
FOR THE SERBS AND CROATS WHO HAVE SHARED THEIR ORDEALS
DURING THE THREE YEARS OF WAR, THEY HAVE NOTHING BUT
SCORN FOR WHAT THEY CALL THE "CHETNIKS IN THE
MOUNTAINS", THE SERB GUNNERS WHO HAVE POUNDED SARAJEVO
RELENTLESSLY FROM THE HILLS THAT RING THE CITY.
AS I LEFT SARAJEVO, THERE WAS NO SIGN THAT THE WAR WILL
END ANYTIME SOON. SNIPERS WERE BACK IN ACTION ON BOTH
SIDES OF THE FRONT. (SIGNED)
NEB/DR/PAM/PCH
10-Apr-95 2:26 PM EDT (1826 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
Download Complete. 6116 total bytes, 6116 bytes/sec
Press <RETURN> to continue
voa.157usisbel,
DATE=4/10/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176882
TITLE=E-U/BOSNIA (L)
BYLINE=JOHN FRASER
DATELINE=LUXEMBOURG
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: FIFTEEN EUROPEAN UNION FOREIGN MINISTERS (MONDAY) CALLED
FOR A RENEWED EFFORT TO BRING PEACE TO BOSNIA. THE FEAR OF AN
ESCALATION IN THE CONFLICT WAS DISCUSSED BY THE FOREIGN MINISTERS
AT TALKS IN LUXEMBOURG. JOHN FRASER REPORTS FROM LUXEMBOURG.
TEXT: THE INTERNATIONAL CONTACT GROUP, WHICH IS LEADING EFFORTS
TO BRING PEACE TO BOSNIA, IS ABOUT TO EMBARK ON A MISSION TO THE
REGION.
THE BRITISH FOREIGN SECRETARY, DOUGLAS HURD, IS WORRIED ABOUT
RECENT MORTAR ATTACKS ON SARAJEVO, ATTACKS ON HUMANITARIAN
AIRCRAFT LANDING AT SARAJEVO AIRPORT, AND A GENERAL UPSURGE IN
THE FIGHTING.
///HURD ACT///
THERE IS A DANGER OF A SLIDE INTO MAJOR CONFLICT. IT IS
POSSIBLE THE MILITARY PEOPLE ON EITHER SIDE BELIEVE THAT
THEY'RE GOING TO BE ABLE TO DELIVER MILITARY VICTORY.
I'M QUITE CERTAIN THEY'RE WRONG. HILLS MAY CHANGE
HANDS, VALLEYS MAY CHANGE HANDS, PEOPLE MAY GET KILLED
-- ALL THAT IS LIKELY. BUT OUT OF THAT WILL NOT COME
A DECISIVE MILITARY VICTORY. AND THAT IS WHY THE PEACE
EFFORT, THE EFFORTS OF THE CONTACT GROUP, EFFORTS
TOWARDS PEACE DOWN THE POLITICAL TRACK, REMAIN
ESSENTIAL.
///END ACT///
IF THERE IS NOT PROGRESS TOWARDS PEACE SOON, THE EUROPEAN UNION
FOREIGN MINISTERS FEAR THERE WILL BE RENEWED PRESSURE FOR THE
WITHDRAWAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPERS FROM BOSNIA.
THE EUROPEAN MINISTERS ALSO DISCUSSED THE PROBLEM OF CHECHNYA
AND
AGREED TO CONTINUE TO SUSPEND A TRADE ACCORD WITH RUSSIA UNTIL
THERE IS PROGRESS TOWARDS PEACE AND RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN
CHECHNYA.
THE MINISTERS DISCUSSED THE TURKISH INVASION OF NORTHERN IRAQ IN
PURSUIT OF KURDISH TERRORISTS, AND THE EUROPEAN MINISTERS CALLED
FOR A WITHDRAWAL OF THE TURKISH FORCES.
AND THEY ALSO DEBATED THEIR FISHERIES DISPUTE, THE ONE BETWEEN
THE EUROPEAN UNION AND CANADA. THE E-U MINISTERS CALLED ON
EUROPE'S NEGOTIATORS TO TRY TO SEEK AN ACCORD BEFORE EASTER.
(SIGNED)
NEB/JF/KK-T/BG
10-Apr-95 3:45 PM EDT (1945 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
Download Complete. 2267 total bytes, 2267 bytes/sec
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voa.158usisbel,
DATE=4/10/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176856
TITLE=BRITAIN / BOSNIA (S-ONLY)
BYLINE=ANDRE DE NESNERA
DATELINE=LONDON
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: BRITISH PRIME MINISTER JOHN MAJOR HAS CALLED ON THE
BOSNIAN SERBS TO ACCEPT THE PEACE PLAN PROPOSED BY THE
FIVE-NATION CONTACT GROUP. VOA CORRESPONDENT ANDRE DE NESNERA
REPORTS FROM LONDON MR. MAJOR MADE THE APPEAL DURING A SPEECH TO
THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND
DEVELOPMENT.
TEXT: MR. MAJOR APPEALED TO ALL SIDES IN THE BOSNIAN CONFLICT TO
HEED THE UNITED NATIONS' CALL TO RESPECT THE CEASE-FIRE. THE
BRITISH PRIME MINISTER TOLD A REUNION OF WORLD BANKERS NO ONE
WILL PROFIT IF ALL-OUT WAR ERUPTS IN BOSNIA.
MR. MAJOR ALSO WARNED THAT THE UNITED NATIONS' PRESENCE IN THE
AREA WILL BE SEVERELY JEOPARDIZED IF HOSTILITIES INCREASE. AND
HE CALLED ON THE BOSNIAN SERB LEADERSHIP TO ACCEPT THE PROPOSALS
PUT FORTH BY THE CONTACT GROUP AS A BASIS FOR A PEACEFUL
SETTLEMENT.
// MAJOR ACT //
THE BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT IS READY TO NEGOTIATE ON THIS
BASIS. BUT THE BOSNIAN SERBS HAVE, SO FAR, SET THEIR
FACE AGAINST THE CONTACT GROUP'S PROPOSALS. WHILE THEY
REFUSE TO NEGOTIATE, THEY WILL REMAIN UNDER SANCTIONS
AND IN SELF-IMPOSED ISOLATION.
// END ACT //
THE BRITISH PRIME MINISTER SAID THE CONTACT GROUP MUST CONTINUE
ITS EFFORTS TO BRING ABOUT PEACE IN THE AREA -- NO MATTER HOW
HARD THE TASK SEEMS TO BE. TO THAT END, MR. MAJOR SAID CONTACT
GROUP REPRESENTATIVES WILL TRAVEL TO SARAJEVO, BELGRADE AND
ZAGREB THIS WEEK. (SIGNED)
NEB/ADEN/SKH/CF
10-Apr-95 8:29 AM EDT (1229 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.159usisbel,
DATE=4/11//95
TYPE=BOOK WORLD #1178 - TTA
NUMBER=3-21555
TITLE="FIRST IN HIS CLASS: A BIOGRAPHY OF BILL CLINTON" BY
DAVID MARANISS (S)
BYLINE=NANCY BEARDSLEY
TELEPHONE=619-1107
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=VICKI SWANEY
CONTENT=
(INSERTS IN AUDIO SERVICES)
ANNCR: IN 1993, "'WASHINGTON POST" REPORTER DAVID MARANISS
(MARE-A-NIS) WON A PULITZER PRIZE FOR A SERIES OF
ARTICLES ON PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON. HE HAS NOW TURNED
THOSE ARTICLES INTO AN EXHAUSTIVE NEW BIOGRAPHY OF THE
PRESIDENT, BASED ON LETTERS, DOCUMENTS AND NEARLY 400
INTERVIEWS WITH CLINTON FRIENDS, RELATIVES AND
COLLEAGUES. HERE WITH A REPORT IS --.
TEXT: PUBLIC OPINION POLLS SUGGEST MANY AMERICANS REMAIN
PUZZLED BY BILL CLINTON, UNCERTAIN WHAT KIND OF PERSON
HE IS OR WHAT HE STANDS FOR. A NEW BOOK ENTITLED "FIRST
IN HIS CLASS," BY "WASHINGTON POST" REPORTER DAVID
MARANISS SUGGESTS THAT MAY BE BECAUSE THE PRESIDENT HAS
MANY CONTRADICTORY QUALITIES:
TAPE CUT ONE: MARANISS (:15)
TEXT: "I SEE THAT IN ALMOST EVERY ASPECT OF HIS LIFE. PEOPLE
WANT TO DEFINE THEIR LEADERS IN BLACK AND WHITE AND GOOD
AND BAD. AND THE MAJOR CONCLUSIONS OF MY BOOK ARE THAT
HE IS AN AMBIVALENT, AMBIGUOUS CHARACTER, AND THOSE
THINGS ARE ALWAYS COMPETING WITH EACH OTHER."
NARR: DAVID MARANISS BELIEVES BILL CLINTON HAS BEEN ESPECIALLY
TORN BETWEEN NOBLE PRINCIPLES ON THE ONE HAND AND
PRAGMATIC POLITICS ON THE OTHER. AND HE SAYS THAT HAS
FORCED THE PRESIDENT TO MAKE COMPROMISES ALONG HIS PATH
TO THE WHITE HOUSE:
TAPE CUT TWO: MARANISS (:27)
"YOU CAN SEE IT GOING BACK TO THE BENEDICTION HE GAVE AT
HIS HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION, A SHORT PRAYER WHICH WAS
FULL OF IDEALISM AND WANTING TO OVERCOME THE RACIAL
INTOLERANCE THAT HE SAW IN THE SEGREGATED SOUTH OF THAT
PERIOD AND OF BRINGING PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD TOGETHER.
AND AS HE PROGRESSED POLITICALLY, YOU SEE THE INCREASING
PRESSURE ON THAT IDEALISM BY HIS AMBITION AND WHAT IT
WOULD TAKE TO ADVANCE TO THE NEXT STAGE."
TEXT0: DAVID MARANISS ENDS HIS BOOK WITH BILL CLINTON'S
ANNOUNCEMENT THAT HE IS RUNNING FOR U.S. PRESIDENT. BUT
HE BELIEVES MUCH OF WHAT HAS HAPPENED SINCE CAN BE
EXPLAINED BY HIS STUDY OF HOW THE PRESIDENT'S CHARACTER
AND POLITICAL BELIEFS WERE FORMED.
(TAPE CUTS FROM DAVID MARANISS FROM AN INTERVIEW ON VOA'S "TALK
TO AMERICA")
11-Apr-95 5:00 PM EDT (2100 UTC)
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voa.160usisbel,
DATE=4/11/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176944
TITLE=CARTER-VOA (L)
BYLINE=JANE BERGER
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: FORMER PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER SAYS HE WOULD BE WILLING TO
RETURN TO BOSNIA IN AN EFFORT TO NEGOTIATE A PEACE SETTLEMENT, IF
BOTH SIDES TO THE CONFLICT AGREE TO HIS PRESENCE. CORRESPONDENT
JANE BERGER REPORTS MR. CARTER'S COMMENTS CAME (TUESDAY) IN AN
APPEARANCE ON THE V-O-A PROGRAM 'TALK TO AMERICA.'
TEXT: MR. CARTER SAID HE IS EXTREMELY DISAPPOINTED BY THE RECENT
UPSURGE OF VIOLENCE IN BOSNIA, BUT HE SAID HE IS NOT SURPRISED
THAT THE CEASE-FIRE HE ARRANGED LATE LAST YEAR HAS BROKEN DOWN.
THE FORMER PRESIDENT SAID HE WOULD BE WILLING TO RETURN TO THE
REGION IN AN EFFORT TO NEGOTIATE A PEACE AGREEMENT.
/// CARTER ACT ///
WE HAVE OFFERED TO COME BACK AND MEET WITH THE BOSNIAN
SERBS AND TO MEET WITH THE GOVERNMENT IN SARAJEVO, TO
EXPLORE SOME NEW IDEAS IN AN UNOFFICIAL WAY. BUT WE
HAVEN'T HAD A FAVORABLE REACTION FROM BOTH SIDES. AND
UNTIL THAT HAPPENS AND UNTIL WE GET FULL APPROVAL FROM
THE U-S GOVERNMENT, WE COULD NOT GO BACK IN TO THE
BOSNIA AREA.
/// END ACT ///
MR. CARTER SAID FUTURE TALKS ON BOSNIA SHOULD FOCUS ON NEW IDEAS
TO PRESERVE THE INTEGRITY OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA YET RECOGNIZE THE
ETHNIC DIFFERENCES WITHIN THE COUNTRY. HE CALLED IT A VERY
DIFFICULT ISSUE.
THE FORMER PRESIDENT WAS QUESTIONED BY MANY LISTENERS FROM
AROUND
THE WORLD ON A WIDE RANGE OF GLOBAL ISSUES. MANY ASKED HIM ABOUT
THE WORK OF THE CARTER CENTER IN HIS HOME STATE OF GEORGIA.
MR. CARTER SAID THE CENTER IS CURRENTLY MONITORING ABOUT 30
CONFLICTS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD ON A DAILY BASIS, AND
TRIES WHENEVER IT CAN TO FOSTER PEACE AGREEMENTS BETWEEN WARRING
PARTIES.
/// CARTER ACT ///
THE CARTER CENTER IS FREE TO MOVE WHERE WE WANT TO, TO
TALK TO WHOM WE CHOOSE, AND WE HAVE A WIDE RANGE OF
HUMANITARIAN PROJECTS THAT MAKE UP ABOUT 90 PERCENT OF
OUR EFFORTS THAT OPENS DOORS TO US TO GET TO KNOW AND BE
TRUSTED BY BOTH SIDES TO DISPUTES. SO WE COMBINE VERY
CLOSELY OUR PEACE EFFORTS, OUR DEMOCRACY EFFORTS -- WE
HOLD ELECTONS OR HELP MONITOR ELECTIONS IN MANY
COUNTRIES WHEN THEY ARE MOVING TOWARD FREEDOM, AND WE
ADDRESS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IF THERE IS A SPECIAL
CASE OR A PATTERN OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS, I CONTACT
THE LEADER OF THAT NATION DIRECTLY TO TRY TO CORRECT THE
PROBLEM. WE HAVE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ADDRESSED HERE
AND HUMANITARIAN PROJECTS.
/// END ACT ///
ON OTHER ISSUES, MR. CARTER SAID HE HAS ALSO HAS OFFERED TO
RETURN TO KOREA TO ARRANGE A SUMMIT MEETING BETWEEN LEADERS
FROM
THE NORTH AND SOUTH. AND HE EXPRESSED HOPE THE UNITED NATIONS
COULD CHANGE ITS PEACEKEEPING ROLE TO ONE OF PREVENTING CONFLICTS
IN THE FIRST PLACE. (SIGNED)
NEB/JB/MMK
11-Apr-95 3:23 PM EDT (1923 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.161usisbel,
DATE=4/11/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176946
TITLE=CARTER-VOA (S)
BYLINE= JANE BERGER
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: FORMER PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER SAYS HE WOULD BE WILLING TO
RETURN TO BOSNIA TO TRY TO NEGOTIATE A PEACE AGREEMENT, IF BOTH
SIDES TO THE CONFLICT AGREE TO HIS PRESENCE. CORRESPONDENT JANE
BERGER REPORTS MR. CARTER ANSWERED QUESTIONS FROM LISTENERS
AROUND THE WORLD (TUESDAY) IN AN APPEARANCE ON THE V-O-A PROGRAM
'TALK TO AMERICA.'
TEXT: FORMER PRESIDENT CARTER SAID HE HAS OFFERED TO RETURN TO
BOSNIA TO PURSUE PEACE NEGOTIATIONS, BUT HE SAID BOTH PARTIES TO
THE CONFLICT MUST FIRST GIVE HIM THE GO-AHEAD, AND HE ALSO NEEDS
APPROVAL FROM THE U-S GOVERNMENT.
THE FORMER PRESIDENT SAID HE IS EXTREMELY DISAPPOINTED, BUT NOT
SURPRISED, THAT THE CEASE-FIRE HE ARRANGED LATE LAST YEAR HAS
BROKEN DOWN. MR. CARTER SAID BOTH SIDES NEED TO FOCUS ON NEW
IDEAS FOR PEACE.
/// CARTER ACT ///
WE NEED TO HAVE A PEACEFUL RESOLUTION, I THINK, AND
EXPLORE NEW IDEAS ON HOW WE CAN HAVE THE INTEGRITY OF
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BUT ALSO WITH RECOGNITION OF THE
ETHNIC DIFFERENCES WITHIN THE COUNTRY. THAT IS A VERY
DIFFICULT QUESTION THAT NOBODY HAS FOUND AN ANSWER TO
YET.
/// END ACT ///
MR. CARTER SAID HE HAS ALSO OFFERED TO RETURN TO KOREA TO ARRANGE
A SUMMIT MEETING BETWEEN LEADERS FROM NORTH AND SOUTH. THE
FORMER PRESIDENT SAID THE CARTER CENTER IN HIS HOME STATE OF
GEORGIA IS MONITORING ABOUT 30 CONFLICTS AROUND THE WORLD, AND
TRIES TO DO WHATEVER IT CAN TO BRING WARS TO AN END. (SIGNED)
NEB/JB/MMK
11-Apr-95 3:53 PM EDT (1953 UTC)
NNNN
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voa.162usisbel,
DATE=4/11/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176919
TITLE=CROATIA / RUSSIAN (S-ONLY)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE UNITED NATIONS HAS RELIEVED A RUSSIAN GENERAL OF HIS
PEACEKEEPING COMMAND IN CROATIA. HE WAS ACCUSED OF BEING CORRUPT
AND OF AIDING THE REBEL CROATIAN SERBS. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY
REPORTS FROM OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: IN A HIGHLY UNUSUAL MOVE, A UNITED NATIONS SPOKESMAN IN
ZAGREB ANNOUNCED THAT RUSSIAN GENERAL ALEXANDER PERELYAKIN HAS
BEEN SACKED.
THE GENERAL IS SAID TO HAVE SHOWN POOR LEADERSHIP AS COMMANDER
OF
U-N PEACEKEEPERS IN EASTERN CROATIA. HE IS SAID TO HAVE FAILED
TO CORRECT PROBLEMS THAT WERE BROUGHT TO HIS ATTENTION.
THE U-N SPOKESMAN CONFIRMS THAT CORRUPTION AMONG RUSSIAN
PEACEKEEPERS AND A CLEAR BIAS TOWARD THE CROATIAN SERBS WERE KEY
FACTORS BEHIND GENERAL PERELYAKIN'S DISMISSAL.
THE RUSSIAN COMMANDER IS SAID TO HAVE ALLOWED WEAPONS FROM
YUGOSLAVIA TO ENTER SERB-HELD TERRITORY OF CROATIA. HE WAS
EMBROILED IN A MAJOR DISPUTE WITH BELGIAN PEACEKEEPERS OVER THAT
INCIDENT.
WHILE SAYING THE RUSSIAN'S PERFORMANCE WAS UNACCEPTABLE, THE U-N
SPOKESMAN POINTEDLY SAID GENERAL PERELYAKIN IS BEING REPLACED BY
HIS BELGIAN DEPUTY COMMANDER.
THE CROATIAN GOVERNMENT HAS REPEATEDLY COMPLAINED ABOUT THE
PERFORMANCE OF PEACE-KEEPERS FROM RUSSIA AND FROM DEVELOPING
NATIONS. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/SKH/MMK
11-Apr-95 10:12 AM EDT (1412 UTC)
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voa.163usisbel,
DATE=4/11//95
TYPE=BOOK WORLD #1177 - TTA
NUMBER=3-21550
TITLE="FIRST IN HIS CLASS: A BIOGRAPHY OF BILL CLINTON" BY
DAVID MARANISS (L)
BYLINE=NANCY BEARDSLEY
TELEPHONE=619-1107
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=VICKI SWANEY
CONTENT=
(INSERTS IN AUDIO SERVICES)
ANNCR: PUBLIC OPINION POLLS SUGGEST MANY AMERICANS REMAIN
PUZZLED BY PRESIDENT CLINTON, UNCERTAIN WHAT KIND OF
PERSON HE IS OR WHAT HE STANDS FOR. IN A NEW BIOGRAPHY
ENTITLED "FIRST IN HIS CLASS," "WASHINGTON POST"
REPORTER DAVID MARANISS (MARE-A-NIS) TRIES TO GET TO THE
HEART OF THE PRESIDENT'S SEEMINGLY ELUSIVE PERSONALITY
AND CONTRADICTORY POLICIES. THE BOOK GREW OUT OF A
SERIES OF ARTICLES WHICH WON MISTER MARANISS A 1993
PULITZER PRIZE. ALTHOUGH THE PRESIDENT DID NOT AGREE TO
BE INTERVIEWED, DAVID MARANISS WAS ABLE TO DRAW ON
DOCUMENTS, LETTERS AND NEARLY 400 INTERVIEWS WITH
CLINTON FRIENDS, RELATIVES AND COLLEAGUES. REVIEWERS
HAVE GENERALLY PRAISED THE BOOK AS FAIR AND WELL
RESEARCHED. VOA'S NANCY BEARDSLEY HAS MORE:
NARR: DAVID MARANISS MAKES IT CLEAR IN HIS NEW BOOK THAT HE
DIDN'T SET OUT TO WRITE AN EXHAUSTIVE ANALYSIS OF BILL
CLINTON'S PERSONAL FINANCIAL DEALINGS, HIS ALLEGED
INFIDELITIES OR ANY OF THE OTHER TOPICS THAT HAVE
DOMINATED NEWS HEADLINES SINCE HE ROSE TO NATIONAL
PROMINENCE. INSTEAD, HE WANTED TO WRITE ABOUT THE FORCES
THAT PROPELLED BILL CLINTON TO THE PRESIDENCY AND SHAPED
HIS FIRST TWO YEARS IN OFFICE:
TAPE CUT ONE: MARANISS (:20)
"I THOUGHT IT WAS WORTHWHILE TO MAKE THE ATTEMPT TO
WRITE A BOOK EXPLAINING SOMEONE WHILE THEY'RE STILL
RELEVANT TO THE POLITICAL PROCESS. SO THAT WAS ONE OF MY
MAJOR GOALS. AND THE OTHER ONE WAS I SAW HIS LIFE AS AN
OPPORTUNITY TO WRITE ABOUT OUR GENERATION, THE POST-WAR
BABY BOOM GENERATION. SO IN THAT SENSE I WANTED TO MAKE
IT A GENERATIONAL BIOGRAPHY."
NARR: THOSE BROADER CONCERNS HELP EXPLAIN THE BOOK'S TITLE,
"FIRST IN HIS CLASS." BILL CLINTON NEVER ACTUALLY
GRADUATED FIRST IN HIS CLASS, BUT HE WAS AN EXCELLENT
STUDENT, AND HE WAS THE FIRST OF HIS GENERATION TO
ATTAIN THE U.S. PRESIDENCY. WHY HIM--OUT OF ALL THE
PROMISING YOUNG PEOPLE OF HIS TIME? DAVID MARANISS
ASCRIBES HIS RISE TO SEVERAL FACTORS, INCLUDING THE FACT
THAT HE CAME FROM ARKANSAS, A STATE FAR REMOVED FROM
POWER CENTERS LIKE NEW YORK OR WASHINGTON:
TAPE CUT TWO: MARANISS (:33)
"FOR A BRIGHT, AMBITIOUS KID, IT WAS A GREAT PLACE TO
COME UP BECAUSE IT WAS EASIER FOR HIM TO GET A RHODES
SCHOLARSHIP. THERE WAS LESS COMPETITION. IT WAS EASIER
FOR HIM TO GO BACK THERE AND SUCCEED AT AN EARLY AGE
WITH HIS INTELLIGENCE AND AMBITION. SO IN FACT IT FUELED
HIS RISE. ANOTHER THING WAS HIS INTENSE, TIRELESS
NETWORKING. HE KEPT THESE CARD FILES OF PEOPLE HE'D MET
STARTING IN COLLEGE. AND EVERY NIGHT HE'D COME BACK HOME
AND WRITE OUT EVERYBODY HE'D MET THAT DAY, AND WHAT IT
WAS ABOUT THEM HE COULD REMEMBER--TENS OF THOUSANDS OF
PEOPLE."
NARR: EASY CHARM AND RELENTLESS DETERMINATION--THOSE QUALITIES
SEEMED TO BE PART OF BILL CLINTON FROM THE START--AND
PART OF HIS FAMILY LEGACY. HIS GRANDFATHER WAS GENIAL
AND FUN-LOVING; HIS GRANDMOTHER HARD WORKING AND
AMBITIOUS. HIS MOTHER INHERITED BOTH SETS OF QUALITIES,
AND PASSED THEM ON TO HER SON, BORN 3 MONTHS AFTER HIS
FATHER DIED IN A CAR ACCIDENT. TOGETHER WITH THAT FAMILY
HERITAGE, DAVID MARANISS BELIEVES IT'S ALSO NECESSARY TO
UNDERSTAND THE TOWN OF HOT SPRINGS, WHERE BILL CLINTON
GREW UP:
TAPE CUT THREE: MARANISS (:27)
"IT WAS THE MOST COSMOPOLITAN TOWN IN ARKANSAS AND IT
HAD THE LARGEST ILLEGAL GAMBLING OPERATION IN AMERICA.
IT HAD A NIGHT LIFE THAT RIVALLED LAS VEGAS DURING THAT
ERA, AND IT HAD A HORSE TRACK THAT BILL CLINTON'S MOTHER
LOVED TO PLAY. AND IT ALSO HAD ALL THESE BAPTIST
CHURCHES, MANY OF WHICH WERE FUNDED BY SOME OF THESE
OTHER ACTIVITIES. SO IT HAD THAT CERTAIN DUALITY TO IT,
TWO SIDES OF LIFE, AND YOU SEE THOSE TWO SIDES OF LIFE
IN BILL CLINTON."
NARR: BILL CLINTON ALSO SHOWED AN EARLY TALENT FOR OVERCOMING
CHALLENGE AND ADVERSITY. HE STOOD UP TO HIS STEPFATHER,
AN ABUSIVE ALCOHOLIC, AND HELPED HOLD HIS FAMILY
TOGETHER DURING TROUBLED TIMES. HE ARRIVED AT
COSMOPOLITAN GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY A SEEMINGLY
UNSOPHISTICATED YOUNG MAN FROM THE SOUTH, AND SOON WON
THE CLASS PRESIDENCY. HE WENT ON TO EARN A PRESTIGIOUS
RHODES SCHOLARSHIP TO OXFORD UNIVERSITY. (BEGIN OPT)
WHEN HE RETURNED TO THE U.S. TO ENTER YALE LAW SCHOOL,
HE MET HILLARY RODHAM, WHOSE DRIVE SEEMED EQUAL TO HIS
OWN:
TAPE CUT FOUR: MARANISS (:19)
"SHE WAS FAR BETTER KNOWN THAN HE WAS AS A STUDENT
ACTIVIST OF THAT ERA. SHE'D GIVEN A FAMOUS COMMENCEMENT
ADDRESS AT HER COLLEGE. AND FROM THE VERY BEGINNING
THEY HAD A VERY INTELLECTUAL, PRAGMATIC RELATIONSHIP
WHERE THEY WERE BOTH INTENSELY INTERESTED IN POLITICS
AND SAW THAT THEY COULD GET SOMEWHERE TOGETHER THAT THEY
MIGHT NOT GET TO SEPARATELY." (END OPT)
NARR: FROM ARKANSAS TO GEORGETOWN, OXFORD, YALE, AND BACK TO
ARKANSAS, WHERE HE BECAME STATE GOVERNOR--DAVID MARANISS
BELIEVES BILL CLINTON'S ROAD TO THE PRESIDENCY WAS
SHAPED BY A REFORMER'S ZEAL AND A POLITICIAN'S
PRAGMATISM. AND THAT MEANT MAKING COMPROMISES ALONG THE
WAY:
TAPE CUT FIVE: MARANISS (:33)
"HE DEFINITELY WENT INTO POLITICS WITH A LOT OF
IDEALISM. YOU CAN SEE IT GOING BACK TO THE BENEDICTION
HE GAVE AT HIS HIGH (BEGIN OPT) SCHOOL GRADUATION, A
SHORT PRAYER WHICH WAS HIS FIRST MAJOR POLITICAL SPEECH,
FULL OF WANTING TO OVERCOME THE RACIAL INTOLERANCE THAT
HE SAW IN HIS SEGREGATED HIGH SCHOOL IN THE SEGREGATED
SOUTH OF THAT PERIOD AND OF BRINGING PEOPLE AROUND THE
WORLD TOGETHER. (END OPT) AND AS HE PROGRESSED
POLITICALLY, YOU SEE THE INCREASING PRESSURE ON THAT
IDEALISM BY HIS AMBITION AND WHAT IT WOULD TAKE TO
ADVANCE TO THE NEXT STAGE."
NARR: DAVID MARANISS ENDS HIS BOOK WITH BILL CLINTON'S
ANNOUNCEMENT THAT HE WOULD SEEK THE PRESIDENCY. BUT HE
BELIEVES MUCH OF WHAT'S HAPPENED TO PRESIDENT CLINTON
SINCE THAT TIME CAN BE EXPLAINED BY THEMES HE EXPLORES
IN HIS BOOK. AND WHILE HIS PROSPECTS MAY LOOK BLEAK AT A
TIME WHEN REPUBLICANS ARE PUSHING THROUGH THEIR OWN
AGENDA FOR CHANGE, DAVID MARANISS SAYS BILL CLINTON HAS
A RARE CAPACITY FOR POLITICAL COMEBACKS. THIS TIME, HE
BELIEVES THAT COMEBACK COULD HAPPEN IF PRESIDENT CLINTON
SHOWS AMERICANS EXACTLY WHAT HE STANDS FOR--AND CLINGS
TO THE PRINCIPLES THAT HAVE LONG MOTIVATED HIS POLITICAL
QUEST.
(TAPE CUTS FROM DAVID MARANISS FROM AN INTERVIEW ON VOA'S "TALK
TO AMERICA")
11-Apr-95 5:08 PM EDT (2108 UTC)
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voa.164usisbel,
DATE=4/11/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176924
TITLE= YUGO SITREP (L)
BYLINE= WAYNE COREY
DATELINE= VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE UNITED NATIONS HAS RELIEVED A RUSSIAN GENERAL OF HIS
PEACEKEEPING COMMAND IN A PART OF CROATIA. THE GENERAL WAS
ACCUSED OF BEING CORRUPT AND OF AIDING THE REBEL CROATIAN SERBS.
V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN BUREAU IN
VIENNA.
TEXT: AFTER GROWING COMPLAINTS ABOUT THE PERFORMANCE OF RUSSIAN
PEACE-KEEPERS IN EASTERN CROATIA, THE UNITED NATIONS HAS FINALLY
SACKED THE RUSSIAN COMMANDER, GENERAL ALEXANDER PERELYAKIN.
A U-N SPOKESMAN IN ZAGREB SAYS THE GENERAL HAS BEEN RELIEVED OF
HIS COMMAND BECAUSE OF SEVERE SHORTCOMING IN HIS LEADERSHIP. THE
ENERAL IS SAID TO HAVE FAILED TO CORRECT PROBLEMS WHEN THEY WERE
BROUGHT TO HIS ATTENTION.
THE PROBLEMS INCLUDE ALLEGED CORRUPTION AMONG RUSSIAN
PEACEKEEPERS AND A BLATANT BIAS TOWARD THE REBEL CROATIAN SERBS.
THE RUSSIANS ARE SAID TO HAVE SOLD U-N FUEL TO THE SERBS.
MORE SERIOUS, HOWEVER, IS THAT GENERAL PERELYAKIN IS BLAMED FOR
ALLOWING WEAPONS FROM YUGOSLAVIA TO REACH SERB-HELD TERRITORY
OF
CROATIA. HIS FAVORITISM TOWARD THE SERBS LED TO A FURIOUS
DISPUTE WITH BELGIAN PEACE-KEEPERS.
THE BELGIANS PROTESTED AND BROUGHT THE MATTER TO THE ATTENTION
OF
SENIOR U-N OFFICIALS. A BELGIAN DEPUTY COMMANDER IS REPLACING
THE DISMISSED RUSSIAN GENERAL.
THE CROATIAN GOVERNMENT HAS COMPLAINED ABOUT THE PERFORMANCE
OF
RUSSIAN PEACE-KEEPERS AND PEACE-KEEPERS FROM DEVELOPING NATIONS
WHO ARE DEPLOYED IN CROATIA.
THE GOVERNMENT IS DEMANDING THE RIGHT TO DETERMINE THE
COMPOSITION OF THE U-N FORCE IN CROATIA UNDER A NEW MANDATE WHICH
IS BEING NEGOTIATED.
CROATIAN OFFICIALS WANT THE PEACEKEEPING FORCE TO BE MADE UP OF
EUROPEANS AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE. THE OFFICIALS THINK EUROPEANS
WOULD UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEMS THE GOVERNMENT FACES WITH THE
REBEL
SERBS AND WOULD DEAL WITH THE SERBS MORE EFFECTIVELY.
IN NEIGHBORING BOSNIA, CONTINUED CLASHES ARE REPORTED BETWEEN
GOVERNMENT AND SERB FORCES IN THE NORTH AND CENTER OF THE
COUNTRY.
MEANWHILE, DIPLOMATS FROM THE UNITED STATES, BRITAIN, FRANCE,
GERMANY AND RUSSIA WERE TO MEET IN BELGRADE AGAIN WITH THE
SERBIAN PRESIDENT, SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC.
THE MAJOR POWERS HOPE MR. MILOSEVIC CAN BE PERSUADED TO TAKE
STEPS TOWARD RECOGNIZING BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND CROATIA IN
RETURN FOR A PHASED EASING OF INTERNATIONAL SANCTIONS AGAINST
YUGOSLAVIA.
THIS IS SAID TO BE A MORE ATTRACTIVE OFFER THAN WHAT HAS BEEN
PROPOSED BEFORE. BUT, THERE IS NO INDICATION THAT THE SERBIAN
PRESIDENT MIGHT ACCEPT IT. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/MH/GPT
11-Apr-95 11:06 AM EDT (1506 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.165usisbel,
DATE=4/11/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176936
TITLE=YUGO SITREP (L-UPDATE)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
/// EDS: NEW INFO IN 9TH GRAF TO REFLECT CROATIAN ARMY NOT
HELD RESPONSIBLE NOW FOR U-N PEACEKEEPER'S DEATH ///
INTRO: THE UNITED NATIONS HAS RELIEVED A RUSSIAN GENERAL OF HIS
PEACEKEEPING COMMAND IN A PART OF CROATIA. THE GENERAL WAS
ACCUSED OF BEING CORRUPT AND OF AIDING THE REBEL CROATIAN SERBS.
V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN BUREAU IN
VIENNA.
TEXT: AFTER GROWING COMPLAINTS ABOUT RUSSIAN PEACEKEEPERS IN
EASTERN CROATIA, THE UNITED NATIONS HAS FINALLY SACKED THE
RUSSIAN COMMANDER, GENERAL ALEXANDER PERELYAKIN.
A U-N SPOKESMAN IN ZAGREB SAYS THE GENERAL HAS BEEN RELIEVED OF
HIS COMMAND BECAUSE OF SEVERE SHORTCOMING IN HIS LEADERSHIP.
THE GENERAL IS SAID TO HAVE FAILED TO CORRECT PROBLEMS WHEN THEY
WERE BROUGHT TO HIS ATTENTION.
THE PROBLEMS INCLUDE ALLEGED CORRUPTION AMONG RUSSIAN
PEACEKEEPERS AND A BLATANT BIAS TOWARD THE REBEL CROATIAN SERBS.
THE RUSSIANS ARE SAID TO HAVE SOLD U-N FUEL TO THE SERBS.
IN A MORE SERIOUS MATTER, GENERAL PERELYAKIN IS BLAMED FOR
ALLOWING WEAPONS FROM YUGOSLAVIA TO REACH SERB-HELD TERRITORY
OF
CROATIA. HIS FAVORITISM TOWARD THE SERBS LED TO A FURIOUS
DISPUTE WITH BELGIAN PEACEKEEPERS.
THE BELGIANS PROTESTED AND BROUGHT THE MATTER TO THE ATTENTION
OF
SENIOR U-N OFFICIALS. A BELGIAN DEPUTY COMMANDER IS REPLACING
THE SACKED RUSSIAN GENERAL.
THE CROATIAN GOVERNMENT HAS COMPLAINED ABOUT THE PERFORMANCE
OF
RUSSIAN PEACEKEEPERS AND PEACEKEEPERS FROM DEVELOPING NATIONS
WHO
ARE DEPLOYED IN CROATIA.
THE GOVERNMENT IS DEMANDING THE RIGHT TO DETERMINE THE
COMPOSITION OF THE U-N FORCE UNDER A NEW MANDATE WHICH IS BEING
NEGOTIATED.
CROATIAN OFFICIALS WANT THE PEACEKEEPING FORCE TO BE MADE UP OF
EUROPEANS AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE. THE OFFICIALS SAY EUROPEANS WOULD
DEAL MORE EFFECTIVELY WITH THE REBEL SERBS.
MEANWHILE, THE UNITED NATIONS SAYS THE CROATIAN ARMY WAS NOT
INVOLVED IN THE KILLING OF A POLISH PEACEKEEPER, AS A U-N REPORT
HAD INDICATED.
AS FIGHTING CONTINUES IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL BOSNIA, THE MAJOR
POWERS HAVE BEGUN ANOTHER PEACE MISSION TO THE FORMER
YUGOSLAVIA.
THE BIG POWER CONTACT GROUP HOPES TO PERSUADE THE SERBIAN
PRESIDENT, SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC, TO TAKE A SERIES OF STEPS TOWARD
RECOGNIZING BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND CROATIA. INTERNATIONAL
SANCTIONS AGAINST YUGOSLAVIA WOULD BE EASED IN RETURN.
THIS IS SAID TO BE A MORE ATTRACTIVE OFFER THAN WHAT THE CONTACT
GROUP HAS PROPOSED BEFORE. BUT THERE IS NO SIGN MR. MILOSEVIC
MIGHT ACCEPT IT.
FOLLOWING TALKS IN BELGRADE, THE CONTACT GROUP PLANS TO VISIT
ZAGREB AND, IF POSSIBLE, SARAJEVO. THE SARAJEVO AIRPORT IS
CLOSED BECAUSE SERB GUNNERS SHOT AT AND HIT A U-N RELIEF FLIGHT.
(SIGNED)
NEB/WC/SKH/BG
11-Apr-95 1:44 PM EDT (1744 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.166usisbel,
DATE=4/12/95
TYPE=COMPUTER SERIES #95-365
NUMBER=3-21559
TITLE=ABACUS VERSUS COMPUTER
BYLINE=DAN NOBLE
TELEPHONE=619-1014
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=KLEINFELDT
CONTENT=
(INSERTS AVAILABLE FROM AUDIO SERVICES)
INTRO: THE INFORMATION HIGHWAY IS SOMETIMES SEEN AS THE SAVIOR
OF AMERICA'S EDUCATION SYSTEM, AS AN ELECTRONIC MEETING
PLACE FOR PEOPLE WITH COMMON INTERESTS, AND AS A USEFUL
TOOL IN THE SCIENCE AND ACADEMIC COMMUNITY. BUT, AS DAN
NOBLE REPORTS, THERE ARE SOME LIMITATIONS AND CONCERNS.
TEXT: CLIFF STOLL IS AN ASTRONOMER AND COMPUTER EXPERT AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT BERKELEY. HE'S BEEN USING
THE INTERNET, AND ITS PREDECESSOR ARPANET, FOR CLOSE TO
20-YEARS. HOWEVER, NOW HE HAS SOME SECOND THOUGHTS
ABOUT THE COMPUTER REVOLUTION.
TAPE: CUT ONE -- CLIFF STOLL (0:09)
"OH I'M QUESTIONING MUCH OF WHAT I'VE DONE IN COMPUTING.
HOWEVER, I SEE IT AS QUESTIONING, RATHER THAN AS COMING
TO A CONCLUSION."
TEXT: IN HIS BOOK, "SILICON SNAKE OIL," MISTER STOLL WRITES
THAT "COMPUTERS FORCE US INTO CREATING WITHOUT OUR MINDS
AND PREVENT US FROM MAKING THINGS WITH OUR HANDS. THEY
DULL THE SKILLS WE USE IN EVERYDAY LIFE."
TAPE: CUT TWO -- CLIFF STOLL (0:58)
"ONE OF THE LOSSES OF COMPUTERS, ONE OF THE THINGS THAT
OUR NETWORKS DESTROY IS REFLECTIVE THOUGHT. WHEN WE CAN
SEND ELECTRONIC MAIL, CLICK, SNAP IT ACROSS THE
CONTINENT AND GET IT FROM HERE TO THERE INSTANTLY, ONE
OF THE THINGS WE LOSE OUT ON IS: 'OH, I WANT TO THINK
ABOUT THIS LETTER AS I WRITE IT. I WANT TO THINK ABOUT
THIS LETTER AS I READ IT. THIS INSTANTANIETY, THIS
QUICKNESS OF THE COMPUTER ERODES THE SENSE OF
REFLECTION, THE SENSE OF: 'OH, I'M GOING TO DO THIS OVER
AND OVER AGAIN UNTIL I GET IT RIGHT'. AND BECAUSE IT IS
WORK TO TYPE OUT A LETTER, TO HANDWRITE A LETTER, WE
DON'T PUT AS MUCH CARE INTO OUR INSTANTANEOUS ELECTRONIC
COMMUNICATION AS WE WOULD A HANDWRITTEN LETTER."
TEXT: AS AN EXAMPLE, CLIFF STOLL RECALLS AN OPPORTUNITY HE
HAD. SOME YEARS AGO, HE WAS SELECTED TO PARTICIPATE IN
THE UNITED STATES-CHINA SCHOLARLY EXCHANGE PROGRAM. THE
YOUNG ASTRONOMER WAS ASSIGNED TO THE PURPLE MOUNTAIN
OBSERVATORY IN NANJING PROVINCE. HE BROUGHT ALONG WITH
HIM A HEWLETT-PACKARD HP-85 COMPUTER. AT THAT TIME IT
WAS A STATE-OF-THE-ART INSTRUMENT...
TAPE: CUT THREE -- CLIFF STOLL (0:21)
"...REALLY MODERN STUFF. I WAS GOING TO SHOW THESE
ASTRONOMERS HOW WE, IN THE WEST, DO GOOD ASTRONOMY. SO,
I MEET THIS ASTRONOMER THERE. PROFESSOR LI. HE'S
TRYING TO CALCULATE HOW THE POLE OF THE EARTH HAS
EVOLVED OVER THE YEARS, LOOKING AT THE CHANGE IN THE
EARTH'S POLES."
TEXT: AND AS CLIFF STOLL RECALLS IT, PROFESSOR LI WAS USING
TRIGONOMETRY TABLES, HANDWRITTEN COLUMNS OF NUMBERS, AND
TWELVE ABACUSES.
TAPE: CUT FOUR -- CLIFF STOLL (0:17)
"ALL MANUALLY. I SNICKERED TO MYSELF AND SAID: HEY,
I'LL SHOW HIM. HE'S ENTERING ALL THESE NUMBERS IN THIS
LEDGER, WRITING EVERYTHING OUT BY HAND, DOING VERY
MECHANICAL, ROTE, NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS. I SAID: I'LL
FIX THINGS. I'LL SHOW HIM HOW TO DO THINGS."
TEXT: PROFESSOR LI SPENT FIVE MONTHS ON THE PROJECT. CLIFF
STOLL TOOK A LOT LESS TIME. BUT THE AMERICAN COMPUTER
EXPERT SAYS THE RESULTS TAUGHT HIM A LESSON.
TAPE: CUT FIVE -- CLIFF STOLL (1:20)
"INDEED, HE HAD DONE A FAR BETTER JOB OF IT THAN MY
COMPUTER HAD BECAUSE BY CRAFTING HIS CALCULATIONS BY
HAND, BY WORRYING ABOUT THE ACCURACY OF EACH DATA POINT,
BY THINKING ABOUT THE PROCESS HE WAS GOING THROUGH, HE
WAS ABLE TO SPOT DATA POINTS THAT THAT, OH, 'THESE ARE
NOT QUITE SO RELIABLE. I WON'T PLACE SO MUCH EMPHASIS
ON THESE. THESE OTHER REPORTS WERE DONE BY VERY
COMPETENT ASTRONOMERS. I'LL PLACE A GREAT DEAL OF
CONFIDENCE IN THESE'. THE WAY HE CRAFTED HIS DATA
ANALYSIS SYSTEM WAS BY HAND. HIS ANSWERS WERE BOTH
ROBUST, RELIABLE AND IMPRESSIVELY HIGH QUALITY. WHAT I
HAD DONE ON THE COMPUTER, THE WAY THE COMPUTER
INFLUENCED ME, WAS TO TREAT THIS ENTIRE PROCESS AS A
DATA ANALYSIS PROBLEM, RATHER THAN AS A WAY TO COME UP
WITH NEW SOLUTIONS. I SAW IT CAST AS: I JUST WRITE A
COMPUTER PROGRAM AND GET THE RIGHT ANSWER. HE SAW IT AS
A PROCESS, A WAY OF GOING ABOUT SCIENCE."
TEXT: CLIFF STOLL, AUTHOR OF "SILICON SNAKE OIL: SECOND
THOUGHTS ON THE INFORMATION SUPER HIGHWAY," STILL USES A
COMPUTER. BUT HE CAUTIONS HIGH-TECH USERS TO TAKE CARE
WITH HOW THEY USE THE NEW TECHNOLOGY. HE WORRIES THAT:
"SIMPLY BY TURNING TO A COMPUTER WHEN CONFRONTED WITH A
PROBLEM, YOU LIMIT YOUR ABILITY TO RECOGNIZE OTHER
SOLUTIONS. WHEN THE ONLY TOOL YOU KNOW IS A HAMMER,
EVERYTHING LOOKS LIKE A NAIL. WHICH," ASKS CLIFF STOLL,
"IS THE TOOL: THE COMPUTER OR THE USER?"
12-Apr-95 4:50 PM EDT (2050 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.167usisbel,
DATE=4/12/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176986
TITLE=U-S / MILOSEVIC (S-O)
BYLINE=RON PEMSTEIN
DATELINE=STATE DEPARTMENT
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE UNITED STATES SAYS THE CONTACT GROUP OF THE U-S,
BRITAIN, FRANCE, GERMANY AND RUSSIA HAS FAILED TO CONVINCE
SERBIAN PRESIDENT SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC TO SUPPORT A PROPOSAL FOR
MUTUAL RECOGNITION OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLICS. V-O-A'S RON
PEMSTEIN REPORTS FROM THE STATE DEPARTMENT.
TEXT: THE PROPOSAL FROM THE CONTACT GROUP IS TO EASE ECONOMIC
SANCTIONS AGAINST SERBIA IN EXCHANGE FOR SERBIA'S RECOGNITION OF
THE REPUBLICS OF CROATIA AND BOSNIA. HOWEVER, THE STATE
DEPARTMENT SAYS THE MEETING WITH PRESIDENT SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC IN
BELGRADE DID NOT SUCCEED IN GETTING HIS AGREEMENT.
SPOKESMAN NICHOLAS BURNS SAYS THE AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVE TO THE
CONTACT GROUP MEETING WAS NOT OPTIMISTIC.
/// BURNS ACT ///
THAT MEETING GAVE NO CAUSE FOR OPTIMISM REGARDING EARLY
MOVEMENT TOWARDS THE MUTUAL EARLY RECOGNITION AMONG THE
FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLICS OR REALLY ANY OPTIMISM ABOUT A
BOSNIA CEASEFIRE.
/// END ACT ///
THE LACK OF SERBIAN AGREEMENT TO STOP THE SHELLING OF SARAJEVO
PREVENTED THE CONTACT GROUP FROM DISCUSSING EXTENSION OF THE
CEASEFIRE WITH BOSNIAN PRESIDENT ALIJA IZETBEGOVIC. THEY WENT
INSTEAD TO CROATIA.
MR. BURNS SAYS THE FIVE NATION CONTACT GROUP WILL CONTINUE ITS
EFFORTS BUT IT IS NOT CLEAR IF THE DIPLOMATS HAVE AN ALTERNATIVE
PROPOSAL.(SIGNED)
NEB / RP / BD/PT
12-Apr-95 4:53 PM EDT (2053 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.168usisbel,
DATE=4/12/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176967
TITLE=YUGO SITREP (L)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: SARAJEVO HAS BEEN SHELLED AGAIN DESPITE UNITED NATIONS
AND BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT WARNINGS THAT CONTINUED MORTAR OR
ARTILLERY ATTACKS ON THE CITY WILL NOT BE TOLERATED. AT THE
SAME TIME, THE BIG POWER CONTACT GROUP ON BOSNIA HAS DELAYED, IF
NOT CANCELLED, A PLANNED VISIT TO SARAJEVO. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY
REPORTS FROM OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: AT LEAST ONE MORTAR ROUND WAS FIRED INTO THE CENTER OF
SARAJEVO AFTER A ONE-DAY LULL IN THE SHELLING OF THE BESIEGED
BOSNIAN CAPITAL. SEVEN PEOPLE, APPARENTLY ALL CIVILIANS, ARE
REPORTED TO HAVE BEEN WOUNDED.
SERB FORCES ARE BELIEVED RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LATEST SHELLING.
THE MORTAR ATTACK OCCURRED DESPITE UNITED NATIONS WARNINGS OF
POSSIBLE NATO AIR STRIKES AGAINST SERB POSITIONS IF THE SHELLING
CONTINUES.
BEFORE THE ATTACK, BOSNIA'S MUSLIM PRESIDENT ALIJA IZETBEGOVIC
ALSO WARNED THAT GOVERNMENT FORCES AND LOCAL RESIDENTS WOULD BE
ASKED TO BREAK THE SERB SIEGE OF SARAJEVO IF THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMUNITY CANNOT PROTECT THE CITY.
MEANWHILE, THE BIG POWER CONTACT GROUP ON BOSNIA HAS DELAYED, IF
NOT CANCELLED, A VISIT TO SARAJEVO. SERB MILITARY LEADERS WOULD
NOT GUARANTEE THE SAFETY OF THE CONTACT GROUP'S FLIGHT FROM
ZAGREB.
THE GROUP WANTS TO PERSUADE THE BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT TO EXTEND THE
CURRENT OFFICIAL CEASEFIRE IN BOSNIA WHICH EXPIRES AT THE END OF
THIS MONTH.
PRESIDENT IZETBEGOVIC HAS SAID HIS GOVERNMENT WILL ONLY EXTEND
THE TRUCE IF YUGOSLAVIA RECOGNIZES BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND CROATIA
AND IF THE BOSNIAN SERBS ACCEPT THE CONTACT GROUP'S BOSNIAN PEACE
PLAN.
UNABLE TO GO TO SARAJEVO AS PLANNED, ENVOYS OF THE CONTACT GROUP
HAVE HAD WHAT IS CALLED A USEFUL EXCHANGE OF VIEWS IN ZAGREB WITH
CROATIAN PRESIDENT FRANJO TUDJMAN.
ON TUESDAY, THE ENVOYS, REPRESENTING THE UNITED STATES, BRITAIN,
FRANCE, GERMANY AND RUSSIA, MET IN BELGRADE WITH THE SERBIAN
PRESIDENT, SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC.
THEY OUTLINED A PROPOSAL FOR STEP-BY-STEP YUGOSLAV RECOGNITION OF
BOSNIA AND CROATIA IN RETURN FOR A PHASED EASING OF INTERNATIONAL
SANCTIONS AGAINST YUGOSLAVIA.
MR. MILOSEVIC'S INITIAL REACTION WAS, APPARENTLY, NOT VERY
POSITIVE. HE IS TO CAREFULLY CONSIDER THE PROPOSAL, THOUGH, AND
TO THEN REPLY TO IT THROUGH DIPLOMATIC CHANNELS. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/SKH
12-Apr-95 10:55 AM EDT (1455 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.169usisbel,
DATE=4/12/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176952
TITLE= YUGO SITREP (S)
BYLINE= WAYNE COREY
DATELINE= VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: SARAJEVO HAS BEEN SHELLED AGAIN, PRESUMABLY BY THE
BOSNIAN SERBS, DESPITE UNITED NATIONS WARNINGS OF POSSIBLE NATO
AIR STRIKES AND BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT WARNINGS OF A BOSNIAN ARMY
RESPONSE. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN
BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: AT LEAST ONE MORTAR ROUND, BELIEVED FIRED FROM A SERB
POSITION, EXPLODED IN THE CENTER OF SARAJEVO. A NUMBER OF PEOPLE
WERE WOUNDED.
THE SHELLING OCCURRED JUST BEFORE DIPLOMATS OF THE MAJOR POWERS
WERE EXPECTED TO ARRIVE IN THE CITY FOR TALKS WITH BOSNIA'S
MUSLIM PRESIDENT, ALIJA IZETBEGOVIC, AND OTHER SENIOR GOVERNMENT
OFFICIALS.
PRESIDENT IZETBEGOVIC EARLIER WARNED THAT, IF THE UNITED NATIONS
AND NATO CANNOT PROTECT SARAJEVO, THE BOSNIAN ARMY AND SARAJEVO
RESIDENTS WILL BE ASKED TO LIBERATE THE BESIEGED CITY, REGARDLESS
OF THE PRICE.
MR. IZETBEGOVIC SAID HE IS DETERMINED NOT TO ALLOW THE BOSNIAN
CAPITAL TO ENDURE YET ANOTHER WINTER IN THE CONDITIONS IT NOW
FACES.
AT THE SAME TIME, HE PROPOSED A 20-KILOMETER DEMILITARIZED ZONE
AROUND THE CITY. HE LINKED THAT IDEA TO A LONG-STANDING PROPOSAL
FOR THE UNITED NATIONS TO ADMINISTER SARAJEVO FOR TWO YEARS WHILE
ITS FUTURE IS NEGOTIATED. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/MH/CF
12-Apr-95 8:07 AM EDT (1207 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.170usisbel,
DATE=4/12/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176952
TITLE= YUGO SITREP (S)
BYLINE= WAYNE COREY
DATELINE= VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: SARAJEVO HAS BEEN SHELLED AGAIN, PRESUMABLY BY THE
BOSNIAN SERBS, DESPITE UNITED NATIONS WARNINGS OF POSSIBLE NATO
AIR STRIKES AND BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT WARNINGS OF A BOSNIAN ARMY
RESPONSE. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN
BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: AT LEAST ONE MORTAR ROUND, BELIEVED FIRED FROM A SERB
POSITION, EXPLODED IN THE CENTER OF SARAJEVO. A NUMBER OF PEOPLE
WERE WOUNDED.
THE SHELLING OCCURRED JUST BEFORE DIPLOMATS OF THE MAJOR POWERS
WERE EXPECTED TO ARRIVE IN THE CITY FOR TALKS WITH BOSNIA'S
MUSLIM PRESIDENT, ALIJA IZETBEGOVIC, AND OTHER SENIOR GOVERNMENT
OFFICIALS.
PRESIDENT IZETBEGOVIC EARLIER WARNED THAT, IF THE UNITED NATIONS
AND NATO CANNOT PROTECT SARAJEVO, THE BOSNIAN ARMY AND SARAJEVO
RESIDENTS WILL BE ASKED TO LIBERATE THE BESIEGED CITY, REGARDLESS
OF THE PRICE.
MR. IZETBEGOVIC SAID HE IS DETERMINED NOT TO ALLOW THE BOSNIAN
CAPITAL TO ENDURE YET ANOTHER WINTER IN THE CONDITIONS IT NOW
FACES.
AT THE SAME TIME, HE PROPOSED A 20-KILOMETER DEMILITARIZED ZONE
AROUND THE CITY. HE LINKED THAT IDEA TO A LONG-STANDING PROPOSAL
FOR THE UNITED NATIONS TO ADMINISTER SARAJEVO FOR TWO YEARS WHILE
ITS FUTURE IS NEGOTIATED. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/MH/CF
12-Apr-95 8:07 AM EDT (1207 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.171usisbel,
DATE=4/12/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-176962
TITLE=YUGO SITREP (S-UPDATE)
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
/// EDS NOTE: UPDATES WITH ENVOYS CANCELLING VISIT TO SARAJEVO
///
INTRO: SARAJEVO HAS BEEN SHELLED AGAIN, PRESUMABLY BY THE
BOSNIAN SERBS, AND DIPLOMATS OF THE MAJOR POWERS HAVE BEEN FORCED
TO CANCEL A FLIGHT TO THE CITY. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM
OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: AT LEAST ONE MORTAR ROUND, BELIEVED FIRED FROM A SERB
POSITION, EXPLODED IN THE CENTER OF SARAJEVO. A NUMBER OF PEOPLE
WERE WOUNDED.
THE ATTACK OCCURRED DESPITE UNITED NATIONS AND BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT
WARNINGS OF A MILITARY REACTION IF THE SERBS CONTINUE TO SHELL
CIVILIANS IN SARAJEVO.
IN ANOTHER DEVELOPMENT, MEMBERS OF THE BIG POWER CONTACT GROUP ON
BOSNIA, HAVE CANCELLED A PLANNED FLIGHT TO SARAJEVO BECAUSE THE
SERBS WOULD NOT GUARANTEE THE SAFETY OF THEIR PLANE.
THE GROUP WANTED TO DISCUSS AN EXTENSION OF THE OFFICIAL
CEASE-FIRE IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA WITH PRESIDENT ALIJA IZETBEGOVIC
AND OTHER SENIOR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS.
PRESIDENT IZETBEGOVIC HAS SAID HIS GOVERNMENT WOULD ONLY EXTEND
THE TRUCE BEYOND THIS MONTH IF YUGOSLAVIA RECOGNIZES BOSNIA AND
IF THE SERBS ACCEPT THE CONTACT GROUP'S PEACE PLAN.
HE HAS ALSO SAID THE BOSNIAN ARMY AND SARAJEVO RESIDENTS WILL BE
ASKED, IN HIS WORDS, TO LIBERATE THE BOSNIAN CAPITAL IF THE
UNITED NATIONS AND NATO CANNOT PROTECT THE BESIEGED CITY.
(SIGNED)
NEB/WC/SKH/MMK
12-Apr-95 10:07 AM EDT (1407 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.172usisbel,
DATE=4/15/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177085
TITLE=BOSNIA/SNIPER (S ONLY)
BYLINE=DOUGLAS ROBERTS
DATELINE=GENEVA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: ANOTHER FRENCH SOLDIER SERVING WITH THE U-N PEACEKEEPING
FORCE IN BOSNIA WAS SHOT DEAD BY A SNIPER IN SARAJEVO SATURDAY.
V-O-A'S DOUGLAS ROBERTS REPORTS IT WAS THE SECOND FATALITY FOR
THE PEACEKEEPING FORCE IN TWENTY FOUR HOURS.
TEXT: THE FRENCH SOLDIER WAS HELPING TO ERECT A BARRICADE
DESIGNED TO PROTECT AN EXPOSED BOULEVARD IN THE HEART OF SARAJEVO
AGAINST SNIPER FIRE FROM SERB POSITIONS LESS THAN TWO HUNDRED
METERS AWAY.
U-N OFFICIALS SAY THE SOLDIER WAS SHOT IN THE CHEST AT
MID-MORNING SATURDAY. HE WAS PRONOUNCED DEAD AT A NEARBY
HOSPITAL.
THREE PEOPLE WERE WOUNDED BY SNIPER FIRE IN THE SAME AREA ON
FRIDAY. AND ANOTHER FRENCH PEACEKEEPER WAS SHOT DEAD IN THE
SUBURB OF DOBRINJA, NEAR SARAJEVO'S U-N CONTROLLED AIRPORT. U-N
OFFICIALS HAVE NOT SAID WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FIRST
FRENCH FATALITY.
THE AIRPORT HAS BEEN CLOSED FOR THE PAST WEEK AFTER A RELIEF
PLANE WAS RIDDLED BY GUNFIRE AS IT CAME IN FOR A LANDING.
A SERB REFUSAL TO PROVIDE SECURITY GUARANTEES FOR INCOMING PLANES
PREVENTED DIPLOMATS FROM THE FIVE POWER CONTACT GROUP ON BOSNIA
FROM TRAVELLING TO SARAJEVO EARLIER THIS WEEK.
THE CONTACT GROUP IS TRYING TO PERSAUDE THE WARRING FACTIONS TO
EXTEND THE NEW YEAR'S CEASEFIRE THAT IS DUE TO EXPIRE AT THE END
OF THIS MONTH. BUT WITH THE TRUCE NOW MORE VIOLATED THAN
RESPECTED, U-N OFFICIALS ARE WARNING THAT BOSNIA IS SLIDING BACK
TOWARD FULL-SCALE WAR. (SIGNED)
NEB/DBR/MMK
15-Apr-95 8:30 AM EDT (1230 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.173usisbel,
DATE=4/14/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177055
TITLE=U-S/BOSNIA-IRAN (S)
BYLINE=DEBORAH TATE
DATELINE=WHITE HOUSE
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: ADMINISTRATION OFFICIALS SAY IRAN MAY BE SUPPLYING ARMS
TO THE MUSLIM-LED BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT, BUT THEY ARE DENYING A
PUBLISHED REPORT THAT THE UNITED STATES TACITLY APPROVED OF ANY
EFFORT TO SEND WEAPONS TO THE BOSNIANS. V-O-A WHITE HOUSE
CORRESPONDENT DEBORAH TATE REPORTS.
TEXT: WHITE HOUSE SPOKESMAN MIKE MCCURRY SAYS THERE IS MUCH
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE THAT THE BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT HAS HAD
ACCESS TO SMALL ARMS AND MUNITIONS, AND HE SAYS IT WOULD NOT BE
SURPRISING IF IT IS DISCOVERED THE WEAPONS HAD COME FROM IRAN.
MR. MCCURRY'S COMMENTS COME IN RESPONSE TO A REPORT IN THE
WASHINGTON POST NEWSPAPER SAYING IRAN HAS DELIVERED ARMS TO THE
BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT DURING THE LAST SIX MONTHS WITH THE
ADMINISTRATION'S TACIT ACCEPTANCE.
MR. MCCURRY SAYS THE UNITED STATES, AS A MEMBER OF THE U-N
SECURITY COUNCIL, SUPPORTS U-N RESOLUTIONS CONCERNING THE ARMS
EMBARGO ON BOSNIA. HE SAYS THE ADMINISTRATION LOOKS NEGATIVELY
ON ANYTHING THAT CONTINUES TO FUEL THE CONFLICT IN BOSNIA.
WHEN ASKED IF THE UNITED STATES HAS EXPRESSED CONCERN TO THE
UNITED NATIONS ABOUT A POSSIBLE VIOLATION OF THE EMBARGO, HE
RESPONDED BY SAYING WASHINGTON IS FORBIDDEN BY CONGRESS FROM
ENFORCING THE ARMS BAN.
PRESIDENT CLINTON HAS FAVORED AN END TO THE THE U-N EMBARGO TO
ALLOW THE BOSNIAN MUSLIMS TO GET ARMS TO DEFEND THEMSELVES, BUT
HE HAS DECLINED TO LIFT THE BAN UNILATERALLY AMID STRONG
OBJECTIONS FROM BRITAIN AND FRANCE. (SIGNED)
NEB/DAT/GO/CF
14-Apr-95 11:04 AM EDT (1504 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.174usisbel,
DATE=4/16/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177116
TITLE=DOLE/BOSNIA (S ONLY)
BYLINE=VICTOR BEATTIE
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: SENATE MAJORITY LEADER AND REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL
HOPEFUL ROBERT DOLE HAS REPEATED HIS SUPPORT FOR UNILATERALLY
LIFTING THE ARMS EMBARGO AGAINST THE MUSLIM-LED BOSNIAN
GOVERNMENT. V-O-A'S VICTOR BEATTIE REPORTS SENATOR DOLE --
RESPONDING TO SUSPICIONS IRAN IS SUPPLYING SARAJEVO WITH ARMS --
SUGGESTS U-S ARMS SHIPMENTS WOULD UNDERCUT TEHRAN'S ALLEGED
INVOLVEMENT:
TEXT: SENATOR DOLE SAYS ONCE THE MAY FIRST EXPIRATION DATE FOR
THE CURRENT FOUR-MONTH CEASE-FIRE IS REACHED HE WILL MOVE
LEGISLATION FORWARD TO UNILATERALLY LIFT THE EMBARGO:
/// DOLE ACTUALITY ///
MY VIEW IS THEY'RE AN INDEPENDENT NATION, THEY'RE A
MEMBER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, THEY'RE ENTITLED TO A
RIGHT TO SELF-DEFENSE. I'M NOT TALKING ABOUT SENDING
AMERICAN TROOPS, NOT EVEN AIRSTRIKES, PROVIDING WEAPONS
YES.
/// END ACTUALITY ///
SENATOR DOLE SAYS SUCH A MOVE HAS BIPARTISAN SUPPORT. HE EXPECTS
TO CO-SPONSOR SUCH LEGISLATION WITH DEMOCRATIC LAWMAKER JOSEPH
LIEBERMAN.
MR. DOLE SAYS IF THE UNITED STATES WOULD ARM THE BOSNIAN MUSLIMS
THERE WOULD BE NO REASON FOR THE IRANIANS TO DO SO. HIS COMMENTS
FOLLOW WHITE HOUSE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT THE BOSNIAN MUSLIMS HAVE HAD
ACCESS TO SMALL ARMS AND MUNITIONS, POSSIBLY FROM TEHRAN. THE
WASHINGTON POST NEWSPAPER REPORTS THAT IRAN HAS BEEN SENDING SUCH
WEAPONS AND AMMUNITION TO SARAJEVO FOR SIX MONTHS WITH
WASHINGTON'S TACIT (SILENT) APPROVAL.
PRESIDENT CLINTON SUPPORTS A LIFTING OF THE ARMS EMBARGO A VIEW
NOT SHARED MY OTHER MEMBERS OF THE BOSNIA CONTACT GROUP.
(SIGNED)
NEB/VB/LWM
16-Apr-95 5:40 PM EDT (2140 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.175usisbel,
DATE=4/16/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177116*
TITLE=DOLE/BOSNIA (S ONLY)
BYLINE=VICTOR BEATTIE
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
// RE-RUNNING TO DELETE LAST GRAPH OF TEXT //
INTRO: SENATE MAJORITY LEADER AND REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL
HOPEFUL ROBERT DOLE HAS REPEATED HIS SUPPORT FOR UNILATERALLY
LIFTING THE ARMS EMBARGO AGAINST THE MUSLIM-LED BOSNIAN
GOVERNMENT. V-O-A'S VICTOR BEATTIE REPORTS SENATOR DOLE --
RESPONDING TO SUSPICIONS IRAN IS SUPPLYING SARAJEVO WITH ARMS --
SUGGESTS U-S ARMS SHIPMENTS WOULD UNDERCUT TEHRAN'S ALLEGED
INVOLVEMENT:
TEXT: SENATOR DOLE SAYS ONCE THE MAY FIRST EXPIRATION DATE FOR
THE CURRENT FOUR-MONTH CEASE-FIRE IS REACHED HE WILL MOVE
LEGISLATION FORWARD TO UNILATERALLY LIFT THE EMBARGO:
/// DOLE ACTUALITY ///
MY VIEW IS THEY'RE AN INDEPENDENT NATION, THEY'RE A
MEMBER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, THEY'RE ENTITLED TO A
RIGHT TO SELF-DEFENSE. I'M NOT TALKING ABOUT SENDING
AMERICAN TROOPS, NOT EVEN AIRSTRIKES, PROVIDING WEAPONS
YES.
/// END ACTUALITY ///
SENATOR DOLE SAYS SUCH A MOVE HAS BIPARTISAN SUPPORT. HE EXPECTS
TO CO-SPONSOR SUCH LEGISLATION WITH DEMOCRATIC LAWMAKER JOSEPH
LIEBERMAN.
MR. DOLE SAYS IF THE UNITED STATES WOULD ARM THE BOSNIAN MUSLIMS
THERE WOULD BE NO REASON FOR THE IRANIANS TO DO SO. HIS COMMENTS
FOLLOW WHITE HOUSE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT THE BOSNIAN MUSLIMS HAVE HAD
ACCESS TO SMALL ARMS AND MUNITIONS, POSSIBLY FROM TEHRAN. THE
WASHINGTON POST NEWSPAPER REPORTS THAT IRAN HAS BEEN SENDING SUCH
WEAPONS AND AMMUNITION TO SARAJEVO FOR SIX MONTHS WITH
WASHINGTON'S TACIT (SILENT) APPROVAL. (SIGNED)
NEB/VB/LWM
16-Apr-95 6:28 PM EDT (2228 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.176usisbel,
DATE= APRIL 16, 1995
TYPE= EDITORIAL
NUMBER= 0-06335
TITLE= ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN A DEMOCRACY
CONTENT=THIS IS THE ONLY EDITORIAL BEING RELEASED FOR BROADCAST
APRIL 16, 1995.
ANNCR:
THE VOICE OF AMERICA PRESENTS DIFFERING POINTS OF VIEW ON A WIDE
VARIETY OF ISSUES. NEXT, AN EDITORIAL EXPRESSING THE POLICIES OF
THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT.
VOICE:
AS JOSEPH NYE, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE, SAID IN A
RECENT SPEECH, THE ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN MANY PARTS OF THE
WORLD IS CHANGING. NUMEROUS COUNTRIES UNDERGOING DEMOCRATIC
TRANSITIONS ARE, FOR THE FIRST TIME, CREATING MECHANISMS FOR
CIVILIAN CONTROL OF THEIR MILITARIES. IN EASTERN EUROPE, LATIN
AMERICA AND THE COUNTRIES OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION,
CONSTITUTIONS ARE BEING REWRITTEN, PARLIAMENTS ARE ENACTING
OVERSIGHT LAWS, AND CIVILIAN DEFENSE MINISTRIES ARE EXERCISING
NEW RESPONSIBILITIES.
THE U.S. HOPES TO PROMOTE THE GROWTH OF DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES
BY ENCOURAGING CIVILIAN CONTROL OF THE MILITARY. IN CENTRAL AND
EASTERN EUROPE, THE U.S. IS DOING THIS THROUGH THE PARTNERSHIP
FOR PEACE. THE PARTNERSHIP WILL IMPROVE MILITARY COOPERATION AND
DEVELOP TIES BETWEEN MEMBERS OF DIFFERENT MILITARIES. JOINT
EXERCISES BRING SOLDIERS INTO CLOSE CONTACT WITH MEN AND WOMEN
THEY USED TO REGARD AS ENEMIES. MILITARY OFFICERS FROM CENTRAL
AND EASTERN EUROPE SEE FIRSTHAND HOW THEIR COUNTERPARTS FROM THE
WEST OPERATE. THIS YEAR ALONE, NATO INTENDS TO CONDUCT UP TO
TWENTY JOINT MILITARY EXERCISES.
IN THE U.S., DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS HAVE PROVIDED THE BASIS
FOR CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS. THE MILITARY IS SUBORDINATE TO
CIVILIAN AUTHORITY IN ALL MATTERS. BUT MANY COUNTRIES IN LATIN
AMERICA, ASIA AND AFRICA, IT HAS TRADITIONALLY BEEN THE ROLE OF
THE MILITARY TO DECIDE THE DESTINY OF THE NATION. BUT AS
DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS BECOME STRONGER, SUCH HABITS ARE BEING
EXAMINED IN MANY COUNTRIES.
IN ITS OWN EXPERIENCE, THE U.S. HAS FOUND THAT DEMOCRACY IS
ONLY SECURE WHEN THE MILITARY IS UNDER CIVILIAN CONTROL. AS
THOMAS JEFFERSON, ONE OF AMERICA'S FOUNDING FATHERS, WROTE, "IN
ALL CASES THE MILITARY SHOULD BE UNDER STRICT SUBORDINATION TO,
AND GOVERNED BY, THE CIVIL POWER."
ANNCR:
THAT WAS AN EDITORIAL EXPRESSING THE POLICIES OF THE UNITED
STATES GOVERNMENT. IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO BE HEARD ON THIS ISSUE,
PLEASE WRITE TO EDITORIALS, VOICE OF AMERICA, WASHINGTON, D-C,
20547, U-S-A. YOU MAY ALSO SEND US A FAX AT (202) 619-1043.
YOUR COMMENTS MAY BE USED ON THE AIR.
14-Apr-95 11:01 AM EDT (1501 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.177usisbel,
DATE=4/14/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177067
TITLE= YUGO SITREP (L UPDATE)
BYLINE= WAYNE COREY
DATELINE= VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
// EDITORS: UPDATES WITH FRENCH REACTION //
INTRO: ANOTHER UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPER HAS BEEN KILLED, AND
AN ELDERLY MAN HAS DIED DURING RENEWED SERB VIOLENCE IN
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM OUR CENTRAL
EUROPEAN BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: A SNIPER SERIOUSLY WOUNDED A FRENCH PEACE-KEEPER WHO WAS
NEAR THE FRONTLINES BETWEEN BOSNIAN ARMY AND SERB FORCES. THE
FRENCH SOLDIER DIED LATER IN A SARAJEVO HOSPITAL.
HE WAS THE 57TH U-N SOLDIER TO BE KILLED IN ATTACKS ON
PEACE-KEEPERS DURING THE WAR IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA. HE WAS SAID
TO HAVE BEEN DELIBERATELY TARGETTED.
THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT HAS DEMANDED THAT THE SNIPER, RESPONSIBLE
FOR THE LATEST INCIDENT, BE IDENTIFIED AND PUNISHED.
PRIME MINISTER EDOUARD BALLADUR HAS ALSO CALLED FOR AN URGENT
MEETING OF THE COUNTRIES THAT PROVIDE PEACE-KEEPERS IN BOSNIA TO
APPROVE ALL NECESSARY MEASURES TO PROTECT THEIR SOLDIERS.
AT THE SAME TIME, FRANCE AND THE UNITED STATES HAVE CRITICIZED
THE SERBIAN PRESIDENT, SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC, FOR NOT COOPERATING
WITH THE MAJOR POWER'S EFFORTS TO END THE BOSNIAN CONFLICT.
MEANWHILE, AN ELDERLY MAN HAS DIED DURING A RENEWED SERB ETHNIC
CLEANSING CAMPAIGN IN NORTHEASTERN BOSNIA. HE COLLAPSED AND DIED
FROM EXHAUSTION AFTER BEING FORCED TO WALK SEVEN KILOMETERS FROM
HIS HOME TOWARD GOVERNMENT-HELD TERRITORY.
THE MAN WAS AMONG ABOUT 100 NON-SERBS UPROOTED FROM THE BIJELJINA
AREA DURING THE PAST FEW DAYS. THE SERBS HAVE EXPELLED THOUSANDS
OF MUSLIMS AND ETHNIC CROATS FROM THE REGION SINCE THE WAR IN
BOSNIA BEGAN.
SERB SOLDIERS ARE ALSO CONTINUING TO HARRASS AND RESTRICT U-N
OPERATIONS IN BOSNIA. BUT, THE UNITED NATIONS IS NOW REACTING
MORE STRONGLY.
U-N FUEL SUPPLIES TO THE SERBS HAVE BEEN SUSPENDED. THIS IS IN
RETALIATION FOR THE THEFT BY SERB SOLDIERS OF ABOUT SEVEN
THOUSAND DOLLARS IN GERMAN MARKS FROM A U-N CONVOY.
THE HEAVIEST FIGHTING IN BOSNIA IS REPORTED IN THE MUSLIM ENCLAVE
OF BIHAC IN THE NORTHWEST. SERB AND MUSLIM REBEL FORCES THERE
HAVE LAUNCHED WHAT SARAJEVO RADIO CALLS FIERCE ATTACKS ON
GOVERNMENT POSITIONS NEAR THE TOWN OF VELIKA KLADUSA. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/MH/CF
14-Apr-95 2:35 PM EDT (1835 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.178usisbel,
DATE=4/14/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177056
TITLE= YUGO SITREP (L)
BYLINE= WAYNE COREY
DATELINE= VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: ANOTHER UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPER HAS BEEN KILLED IN
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND AN ELDERLY MAN HAS DIED DURING A RENEWED
SERB ETHNIC CLEANSING CAMPAIGN THERE. TENSION HAS ALSO INCREASED
IN NEIGHBORING CROATIA. V-O-A'S WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM OUR
CENTRAL EUROPEAN BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: A SNIPER SERIOUSLY WOUNDED A FRENCH PEACEKEEPER WHO WAS
STANDING IN THE TURRET OF A UNITED NATIONS TANK NEAR THE
FRONTLINES BETWEEN BOSNIAN ARMY AND SERB FORCES.
THE FRENCH SOLDIER DIED LATER IN A HOSPITAL. HE WAS THE 57TH U-N
SOLDIER TO BE KILLED AS A RESULT OF COMBAT-RELATED ACTIVITIES
DURING THE WAR IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA.
THE U-N COMMAND IN SARAJEVO COULD NOT IMMEDIATELY CONFIRM WHICH
OF THE WARRING FORCES WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR HIS DEATH. BUT, THE
SNIPING ATTACK ON THE FRENCH PEACEKEEPER FOLLOWED AN EXCHANGE OF
GUNFIRE BETWEEN SERB AND FRENCH SOLDIERS AT A U-N OBSERVATION
POST.
IN NORTHEASTERN BOSNIA, AN ELDERLY MAN HAS DIED DURING A RENEWED
SERB ETHNIC CLEANSING CAMPAIGN. HE COLLAPSED AND DIED FROM
EXHAUSTION AFTER BEING FORCED TO WALK SEVEN KILOMETERS TOWARD
GOVERNMENT-HELD TERRITORY.
THE MAN WAS AMONG ABOUT 100 NON-SERBS UPROOTED FROM THE BIJELJINA
AREA OVER THE PAST FEW DAYS. THOUSANDS OF NON-SERBS HAVE BEEN
EXPELLED FROM THE REGION DURING THE WAR IN BOSNIA. ONLY ABOUT
TWO THOUSAND ARE BELIEVED TO REMAIN THERE.
THE SERBS HAVE CONTINUED TO EXPEL MUSLIMS AND ETHNIC CROATS FROM
SERB-CONTROLLED REGIONS, DESPITE REPEATED INTERNATIONAL PROTESTS
OVER THE BRUTAL ETHNIC CLEANSING POLICY.
SERB SOLDIERS ARE ALSO CONTINUING TO HARRASS AND RESTRICT U-N
HUMANITARIAN OPERATIONS IN BOSNIA. BUT, THE UNITED NATIONS IS
BEGINNING TO REACT TO THIS WITH MORE THAN ROUTINE PROTESTS. U-N
FUEL SUPPLIES TO THE SERBS HAVE BEEN SUSPENDED BECAUSE THE SERBS
STOLE ABOUT SEVEN THOUSAND DOLLARS IN GERMAN MARKS FROM A U-N
CONVOY.
THE HEAVIEST FIGHTING IN BOSNIA IS REPORTED IN THE MUSLIM ENCLAVE
OF BIHAC IN THE NORTHWEST. SERB AND MUSLIM REBEL FORCES THERE
ARE ATTACKING BOSNIAN ARMY POSITIONS NEAR THE TOWN OF VELIKA
KLADUSA.
/// OPT /// U-N OFFICIALS BELIEVE THE SERBS AND MUSLIM REBELS
HAVE PUSHED BACK GOVERNMENT TROOPS IN ONE AREA. SARAJEVO RADIO
SAYS GOVERNMENT FORCES HAVE FOUGHT OFF FIERCE GROUND AND SHELLING
ATTACKS AND HAVE HELD THEIR POSITIONS. /// END OPT ///
IN NEIGHBORING CROATIA, THE GOVERNMENT HAS WARNED IT WILL RESPOND
WITH ALL AVAILABLE MEANS IF THE SERBS LAUNCH MORE ATTACKS IN
VIOLATION OF THE CEASE-FIRE AGREEMENT.
ON THURSDAY, THE DUBROVNIK AREA ON THE ADRIATIC COAST WAS
SHELLED, PRESUMABLY FROM SERB POSITIONS IN NEARBY BOSNIA. ONE
CIVILIAN WAS KILLED.
REBEL SERB FORCES EARLIER FIRED A SURFACE-TO-SURFACE MISSILE IN
CROATIA, BUT NO CASUALTIES OR DAMAGE WERE REPORTED. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/MH/MMK
14-Apr-95 11:27 AM EDT (1527 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.179usisbel,
DATE=4/14/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177047
TITLE= YUGO SITREP (S)
BYLINE= WAYNE COREY
DATELINE= VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: A FRENCH PEACE-KEEPER HAS BEEN SHOT AND KILLED BY AN
UNIDENTIFIED SNIPER IN SARAJEVO. AN ELDERLY CIVILIAN IS ALSO
SAID TO HAVE DIED AS THE RESULT OF A RENEWED BOSNIAN-SERB
ETHNIC-CLEANSING CAMPAIGN IN NORTHERN BOSNIA. V-O-A'S WAYNE
COREY REPORTS FROM OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: THE FRENCH SOLDIER WAS HIT BY A SNIPER'S BULLET WHILE
STANDING IN THE TURRET OF A TANK NEAR THE FRONTLINES BETWEEN
BOSNIAN-ARMY AND SERB FORCES. HE DIED LATER IN A HOSPITAL.
THE U-N COMMAND IN SARAJEVO SAYS THE PEACE-KEEPER WAS
DELIBERATELY TARGETED. BUT, THE COMMAND COULD NOT IMMEDIATELY
CONFIRM IF THE SNIPER WAS A SERB OR A BOSNIAN-ARMY SOLDIER.
IN NORTHEASTERN BOSNIA, AN ELDERLY MAN IS SAID TO HAVE DIED AFTER
HE AND NEARLY 90 OTHER CIVILIANS WERE FORCED TO LEAVE THEIR HOMES
IN A SERB-HELD AREA.
THE MAN IS SAID TO HAVE DIED FROM EXHAUSTION AFTER HE WAS FORCED
TO WALK SEVEN-KILOMETERS. HE WAS AMONG THE THOUSANDS OF NON-SERB
CIVILIANS AFFECTED BY A SERB ETHNIC-CLEANSING CAMPAIGN IN THE
TOWN OF BIJELJINA.
MEANWHILE, HEAVY FIGHTING IS REPORTED CONTINUING BETWEEN BOSNIAN
ARMY AND SERB FORCES IN THE MUSLIM ENCLAVE OF BIHAC IN
NORTHWESTERN BOSNIA. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/MH/RAE
14-Apr-95 7:47 AM EDT (1147 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.180usisbel,
DATE=4/14/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177052
TITLE=YUGO SITREP (S) UPDATE
BYLINE=WAYNE COREY
DATELINE=VIENNA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
(EDITORS: NEW INFORMATION THROUGHOUT)
INTRO: A FRENCH PEACE-KEEPER HAS BEEN SHOT AND KILLED BY AN
SNIPER IN SARAJEVO, AND A SERB ETHNIC CLEANSING CAMPAIGN HAS
CLAIMED THE LIFE OF AN ELDERLY MAN IN NORTHERN BOSNIA. V-O-A'S
WAYNE COREY REPORTS FROM OUR CENTRAL EUROPEAN BUREAU IN VIENNA.
TEXT: THE FRENCH SOLDIER WAS HIT BY A SNIPER'S BULLET WHILE
STANDING IN THE TURRET OF A UNITED NATIONS TANK NEAR FRONTLINES
BETWEEN BOSNIAN ARMY AND SERB FORCES.
IN ANOTHER SIGN OF TENSION BETWEEN THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE
WARRING FORCES IN BOSNIA, U-N OFFICIALS HAVE SUSPENDED FUEL
SUPPLIES TO THE SERBS. THE FUEL CUTOFF WAS ANNOUNCED AFTER THE
SERBS ROBBED A U-N CONVOY OF ABOUT SEVEN THOUSAND DOLLARS IN
GERMAN MARKS.
IN NORTHEASTERN BOSNIA, AN ELDERLY MAN IS SAID TO HAVE DIED FROM
EXHAUSTION AFTER HE AND ABOUT 100 OTHER NON-SERB CIVILIANS WERE
FORCED TO LEAVE THEIR HOMES IN A SERB-HELD AREA.
MEANWHILE, SERB AND MUSLIM REBEL FORCES ARE CONTINUING AN
OFFENSIVE AGAINST BOSNIAN ARMY TROOPS IN THE MUSLIM ENCLAVE OF
BIHAC IN NORTHWESTERN BOSNIA. U-N OFFICIALS BELIEVE THE SERBS
AND MUSLIM REBELS HAVE MADE SOME GAINS, BUT SARAJEVO RADIO DENIES
IT. (SIGNED)
NEB/WC/MH/GPT
14-Apr-95 9:53 AM EDT (1353 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.181usisbel,
DATE= APRIL 18, 1995
TYPE= EDITORIAL
NUMBER= 0-06338
TITLE= ALBRIGHT ON HUMAN RIGHTS
CONTENT=THIS IS THE ONLY EDITORIAL BEING RELEASED FOR BROADCAST
APRIL 18, 1995.
ANNCR:
THE VOICE OF AMERICA PRESENTS DIFFERING POINTS OF VIEW ON A WIDE
VARIETY OF ISSUES. NEXT, AN EDITORIAL EXPRESSING THE POLICIES OF
THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT.
VOICE:
THE UNITED STATES EMPLOYS TWO STRATEGIES TO ADVANCE THE CAUSE
OF HUMAN RIGHTS THROUGH THE UNITED NATIONS. THE FIRST IS TO
DEFEND THE PRINCIPLES ENSHRINED IN THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF
HUMAN RIGHTS; THE SECOND IS TO DEVELOP THE MEANS BY WHICH THOSE
PRINCIPLES CAN BE APPLIED MORE BROADLY AROUND THE WORLD.
A CASE IN POINT IS AMERICA'S SUPPORT FOR THE RIGHT OF WOMEN
TO PARTICIPATE FULLY IN THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE
OF THEIR COUNTRY. THE U.S. BELIEVES THAT WOMEN ARE ENTITLED TO
EQUAL ACCESS TO SCHOOLS, JOBS AND THE POLITICAL PROCESS. AS THE
U.S. AMBASSADOR TO THE U-N, MADELEINE ALBRIGHT, SAID IN A RECENT
SPEECH, THERE ARE APPALLING ABUSES BEING COMMITTED TODAY AGAINST
WOMEN. THEY INCLUDE FORCED STERILIZATIONS AND ABORTIONS;
CHILDREN SOLD INTO PROSTITUTION; DOWRY MURDER; AND OFFICIAL
INDIFFERENCE TO VIOLENCE. SOME ARGUE THAT THESE ARE CULTURAL
ISSUES ABOUT WHICH LITTLE CAN BE DONE. THE U.S. SAYS THESE ARE
CRIMINAL PRACTICES AND IT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY OF GOVERNMENTS
EVERYWHERE TO STOP THEM.
THE SECOND PART OF THE U.S. STRATEGY IS TO BUILD MECHANISMS
THAT WILL CONTRIBUTE ON A LONG-TERM BASIS TO RESPECT FOR HUMAN
RIGHTS. THE U.S. SUPPORTS STRONGLY THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A U-N
HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS. THE U.S. IS ALSO THE
PRINCIPAL SUPPORTER OF THE U-N VOLUNTARY FUND TO AID THE VICTIMS
OF TORTURE. IN ANOTHER CAPACITY, THE U-N IS HELPING NEW
DEMOCRACIES TO DRAFT CONSTITUTIONS, IMPROVE JUDICIAL STRUCTURES,
TRAIN HUMAN RIGHTS OFFICIALS, AND TRANSFORM ARMED MOVEMENTS INTO
POLITICAL PARTIES.
THE FIGHT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS WILL NOT END SOON. BUT AS
AMBASSADOR ALBRIGHT SAID, "LET US ALL KEEP FAITH THAT EACH CHILD
SAVED, EACH REFUGEE HOUSED, EACH PRISONER OF CONSCIENCE FREED,
EACH BARRIER TO JUSTICE BROUGHT DOWN WILL INSPIRE OTHERS AND
EXPLODE OUTWARD THE BOUNDARIES OF WHAT IS ACHIEVABLE ON THIS
EARTH."
ANNCR:
THAT WAS AN EDITORIAL EXPRESSING THE POLICIES OF THE UNITED
STATES GOVERNMENT. IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO BE HEARD ON THIS ISSUE,
PLEASE WRITE TO EDITORIALS, VOICE OF AMERICA, WASHINGTON, D-C,
20547, U-S-A. YOU MAY ALSO SEND US A FAX AT (202) 619-1043.
YOUR COMMENTS MAY BE USED ON THE AIR.
17-Apr-95 2:17 PM EDT (1817 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.182usisbel,
DATE=4/17/95
TYPE=CLOSEUP (TTA)
NUMBER=4-08261
TITLE=CARTER ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS
BYLINE=NEAL LAVON
TELEPHONE=619-0112
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=PHIL HAYNES
CONTENT= // VOICER AND ACTUALITIES AVAILABLE IN S-O-D //
INTRO: FORMER PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER DISCUSSED A WIDE RANGE OF
FOREIGN POLICY PROBLEMS ON VOA'S INTERNATIONAL CALL-IN
PROGRAM, "TALK TO AMERICA".
MR. CARTER, WHO SERVED AS PRESIDENT FROM 1977-1981, HAS
REMAINED ACTIVE IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS ON BEHALF OF THE
CARTER CENTER, LOCATED IN ATLANTA, GEORGIA. USING THE
BANNER OF THE CENTER, HE HAS BROUGHT HIS UNIQUE BRAND OF
PERSONAL DIPLOMACY TO THE GLOBE'S MOST THORNY ISSUES.
VOA'S TOM MAHONEY REPORTS ON PRESIDENT CARTER'S COMMENTS
AND INSIGHTS ON FOREIGN POLICY ISSUES CURRENTLY FACING
THE UNITED STATES.
ANNCR: PRESIDENT CARTER HAS UNDERTAKEN SEVERAL DIPLOMATIC
INITIATIVES UPON LEAVING OFFICE. LAST JUNE, THE FORMER
CHIEF EXECUTIVE HELPED BROKER AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN
WASHINGTON AND PYONGYANG THAT CREATED A CONSORTIUM TO
FINANCE CONSTRUCTION OF NUCLEAR ENERGY REACTORS IN NORTH
KOREA. BUT PYONGYANG'S INSISTENCE THAT SOUTH KOREAN
REACTORS BE EXCLUDED FROM THAT CONSORTIUM THREATENS THE
ENTIRE PROJECT.
SPEAKING FROM ATLANTA, PRESIDENT CARTER SAID NORTH KOREA
DOES NOT WISH TO BE SEEN AS INFERIOR TO SOUTH KOREA, AND
HE HOPES THAT THIS ISSUE CAN BE RESOLVED BEFORE A
LOOMING DEADLINE AT THE END OF THIS MONTH.
TAPE: CARTER, CUT 1, :21
"I HOPE THAN WE CAN FINESSE THIS ISSUE PAST THE 21ST OF
THIS MONTH, WHEN THERE IS A DEADLINE, KIND OF, AND GO ON
TO OTHER MATTERS AND THEN JUST LET THE LIGHT-WATER
REACTORS ISSUE BREW FOR AWHILE UNTIL THIS CAN BE WORKED
OUT. THE NEXT AND MOST IMPORTANT STEP, OBVIOUSLY, IS
DIRECT TALKS BETWEEN NORTH AND SOUTH KOREA."
ANNCR: ANOTHER REGION IN WHICH PRESIDENT CARTER BECAME DEEPLY
INVOLVED WAS THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. HE HELPED TO
ARRANGE A CEASEFIRE LAST DECEMBER BETWEEN THE WARRING
FACTIONS, BUT THE ACCORD COLLAPSED AND FIGHTING BROKE
OUT AGAIN. MR. CARTER SAID HE WOULD RETURN TO THE
REGION IF ALL SIDES REQ UESTED HIS PRESENCE AS A
PEACEMAKER.
TAPE: CUT 2, CARTER :25
"WE HAVE OFFERED TO COME BACK AND MEET WITH THE BOSNIAN
SERBS AND TO MEET WITH THE GOVERNMENT IN SARAJEVO TO
EXPLORE SOME NEW IDEAS IN AN UNOFFICIAL WAY. BUT WE
HAVEN'T HAD A FAVORABLE REACTION FROM BOTH SIDES. AND
UNTIL THAT HAPPENS, AND UNTIL WE GET FULL APPROVAL FROM
THE U-S GOVERNMENT, WE COULD NOT GO BACK INTO THE BOSNIA
AREA."
ANNCR: ONE OF PRESIDENT CARTER'S LESS-PUBLICIZED TRIUMPHS WAS
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A STAND-DOWN OF THE FIGHTING IN
SUDAN. IT WAS A DIFFICULT NEGOTIATION, MR. CARTER
POINTED OUT, BECAUSE SUDAN'S GOVERNMENT WAS RELUCTANT TO
HALT MOVING ITS ARTILLERY AND JEEPS OVER DRY ROADS WHICH
SOON WILL BECOME IMPASSABLE WITH THE ADVANCE OF JUNE'S
TRADITIONAL RAINY SEASON IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE
NATION.
BUT THE FORMER PRESIDENT BELIEVES THE CEASEFIRE WILL
HOLD BECAUSE BOTH SIDES NEED THE HUMANITARIAN AID OF THE
UNITED STATES.
TAPE: CARTER, CUT 3, :36
"I THINK THE CEASE-FIRE IS LIKELY TO HOLD BECAUSE BOTH
SIDES HAVE AN ADVANTAGE HERE. THEY NEED THE HUMANITARIAN
SERVICES THAT WE ARE PROVIDING, ALONG WITH MANY OTHERS.
THE GOVERNOR IN KHARTOUM ANNOUNCED A CEASEFIRE ON
MIDNIGHT OF THE 28TH OF LAST MONTH, AND SO FAR IT HAS
HELD AFTER A FEW MINOR SKIRMISHES. THE REVOLUTIONARIES
IN THE SOUTH, THE HEADS OF SPLA AND SSIM SHORTLY
THEREAFTER, ANNOUNCED A CEASEFIRE. THERE HAVE BEEN SOME
MINOR VIOLATIONS, BUT SO FAR, THEY ARE HOLDING."
ANNCR: FORMER PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER SPEAKING ABOUT SOME OF HIS
DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITIES ON THE VOICE OF AMERICA'S
INTERNATIONAL CALL-IN PROGRAM, "TALK TO AMERICA".
NEB/NL/PCH
17-Apr-95 1:22 PM EDT (1722 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.183usisbel,
DATE=04-18-95
TYPE=SPECIAL ENGLISH FEATURE
NUMBER=7-17105
TITLE=SCIENCE IN THE NEWS #1809 - EARTH DAY
BYLINE=JERI WATSON
TELEPHONE=619-2585
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=OLIVER CHANLER
CONTENT=
(THEME)
VOICE ONE:
THIS IS ________.
VOICE TWO:
AND THIS IS ________ , WITH SCIENCE IN THE NEWS, A V-O-A SPECIAL
ENGLISH PROGRAM ABOUT RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SCIENCE.
(THEME)
VOICE ONE:
THIS SATURDAY, MILLIONS OF AMERICANS AND PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD
WILL OBSERVE THE TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF EARTH DAY. ACROSS
THE UNITED STATES, GROUPS WILL LISTEN TO SPEECHES AND DEMONSTRATE
TO SHOW THEIR SUPPORT FOR PROTECTING THE EARTH'S ENVIRONMENT.
SINCE THE FIRST EARTH DAY ON APRIL TWENTY-SECOND,
NINETEEN-SEVENTY, MUCH HAS BEEN DONE TO HALT ACTIONS THAT POLLUTE
THE AIR, WATER AND LAND. LAWMAKERS HAVE PASSED LAWS TO PROTECT
THE ENVIRONMENT. SOME OF THESE LAWS FORCE INDUSTRIES, AND LOCAL
GOVERNMENTS TO LIMIT THE RELEASE OF WASTE MATERIALS INTO THE AIR
AND WATER. SOME OF THESE LAWS ARE DESIGNED TO PROTECT WILDLIFE
AND PREVENT MANY KINDS OF ANIMALS FROM DISAPPEARING FOREVER.
SOME OF THESE LAWS LIMIT THE KINDS OF CHEMICALS USED IN
AGRICULTURE.
VOICE TWO:
IN THE TWENTY-FIVE YEARS SINCE THE FIRST EARTH DAY, THERE HAVE
BEEN MANY DISPUTES ABOUT WHAT SHOULD BE DONE TO PROTECT THE
ENVIRONMENT. SOME PEOPLE SAY TOO MUCH MONEY IS BEING SPENT, WITH
LITTLE EFFECT. OTHERS SAY NOT ENOUGH IS BEING DONE TO HALT THE
DESTRUCTIVE ACTIVITIES OF HUMANS. STILL OTHERS SAY THAT
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS LIMIT FREEDOM AND VIOLATE THE RIGHTS OF
PROPERTY OWNERS. THESE ARGUMENTS ARE PART OF NATIONAL AND
INTERNATIONAL DEBATES ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT. AND THESE
CONTINUING DEBATES REALLY BEGAN ON EARTH DAY, TWENTY-FIVE YEARS
AGO.
DURING THE NINETEEN-SIXTIES, MANY SCIENTISTS AND OTHER EXPERTS
BEGAN WARNING ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT. THEY SAID THAT THE EARTH IN
THE FUTURE MIGHT BE VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE PLANET WE HAVE KNOWN.
VOICE ONE:
THEY SAID THAT FARMING, MINING AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES HAD
CREATED CONDITIONS THAT THREATEN THE WORLD'S FUTURE. THEY SAID
THAT OCEANS WERE DIRTY. THEY SAID MANY LAKES AND RIVERS WERE
POLLUTED WITH WASTE MATERIALS AND HARMFUL CHEMICALS. THESE
MATERIALS AND SUBSTANCES WERE KILLING WILDLIFE. THEY SAID THE
AIR MIGHT BE EXTREMELY HARMFUL AND DIRTY -- EVEN POISONOUS.
IT WAS NOT CLEAR HOW MANY PEOPLE HEARD THESE WARNINGS, OR
BELIEVED THAT THEIR WORLD MAY BE IN DANGER.
THE FIRST EARTH DAY PROVIDED MANY MILLIONS OF AMERICANS WITH A
CHANCE TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THEY DID UNDERSTAND, AND TO SHOW THEIR
DEEP CONCERN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
THE MAN MOST RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FIRST EARTH DAY WAS SENATOR
GAYLORD NELSON, FROM THE STATE OF WISCONSIN.
SENATOR NELSON BELIEVED MOST AMERICANS DID NOT CONSIDER THE
ENVIRONMENT AN IMPORTANT ISSUE. HE DECIDED IT WAS NECESSARY TO
EDUCATE AMERICANS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT. HE
WANTED AMERICANS TO KNOW THAT POLLUTION WAS A THREAT TO ALL
LIVING THINGS, INCLUDING HUMANS. SO, SENATOR NELSON AND A GROUP
OF ACTIVISTS DECIDED TO ORGANIZE A NATIONWIDE DEMONSTRATION TO
EDUCATE AMERICANS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT.
VOICE ONE:
THE DEMONSTRATION WAS EARTH DAY. IT WAS THE LARGEST PUBLIC
DEMONSTRATION IN THE UNITED STATES SINCE THE END OF WORLD WAR
TWO. TWENTY-MILLION AMERICANS DEMONSTRATED IN CITIES AND TOWNS
ACROSS THE COUNTRY. NATIONAL AND LOCAL POLITICIANS GAVE SPEECHES
AND ATTENDED LOCAL DEMONSTRATIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENT. NEW YORK'S
GOVERNOR SIGNED A MEASURE CALLING FOR ACTION TO IMPROVE AIR AND
WATER.
STILL, THERE WAS CRITICISM. SOME PEOPLE SAID THE EARTH DAY
DEMONSTRATION WAS A COMMUNIST PLOT. OTHERS SAID THE ENVIRONMENT
COULD TAKE CARE OF ITSELF. THESE ARGUMENTS AND OTHERS, HOWEVER,
BECAME LOST IN THE EVENTS THAT FOLLOWED THE FIRST EARTH DAY.
VOICE TWO:
WITHIN A FEW MONTHS, CONGRESS APPROVED NEW LEGISLATION CALLED THE
CLEAN AIR ACT. THAT WAS FOLLOWED BY A NUMBER OF OTHER MEASURES
TO PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT. THEY INCLUDED THE CLEAN WATER ACT, A
MARINE MAMMAL PROTECTION ACT, AN ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT, A SAFE
DRINKING WATER ACT, AND A TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT.
SENATOR NELSON'S CONCERN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT IS NOW PART OF EVERY
AMERICAN'S LIFE. THERE ARE LASTING EFFECTS IN THE AIR WE
BREATHE, THE WATER WE DRINK AND THE FOOD WE EAT.
VOICE ONE:
MANY SUPPORTERS OF EFFORTS TO IMPROVE AND PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT
FEARED EARTH DAY WOULD LOSE POPULARITY AFTER ITS EARLY SUCCESS.
HOWEVER, EACH EARTH DAY THAT FOLLOWED SEEMED TO GATHER MORE
SUPPORT. SOON, LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE IN OTHER COUNTRIES ALSO
WERE WORKING ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS IN CONNECTION WITH EARTH
DAY.
VOICE TWO:
SINCE THE FIRST EARTH DAY, A NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES
HAVE BEEN HELD ON THE ENVIRONMENT. IN NINETEEN NINETY-TWO, WORLD
LEADERS MET IN RIO DE JANEIRO TO ESTABLISH GOALS FOR REDUCING THE
RELEASE OF HARMFUL CHEMICALS INTO THE ATMOSPHERE. EARLIER THIS
MONTH, DELEGATES FROM ABOUT ONE-HUNDRED-TWENTY COUNTRIES MET FOR
ELEVEN DAYS IN BERLIN TO DISCUSS THOSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFORTS.
SUCH CONFERENCES ARE BELIEVED TO BE DIRECT RESULTS OF EARTH DAY
ACTIVITIES AND DEMONSTRATIONS.
VOICE ONE:
NINETEEN-NINETY WAS THE TWENTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF EARTH DAY. THAT
YEAR, MANY THOUSANDS OF FRENCH CITIZENS OBSERVED THE ANNIVERSARY
BY LINKING ARMS ACROSS THOUSANDS OF KILOMETERS OF FRANCE. IN
ITALY, FIVE-THOUSAND PEOPLE LAY ON THE GROUND TO PROTEST
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY AUTOMOBILES. IN JAPAN, SWIMMERS
REMOVED WASTE MATERIALS FROM THE SEAS. IN NEPAL, PEOPLE CLIMBED
MOUNT EVEREST TO GATHER WASTE MATERIAL LEFT THERE BY EARLIER
CLIMBERS.
VOICE TWO:
THIS YEAR IN THE UNITED STATES, PEOPLE FROM COAST TO COAST WILL
TAKE PART IN MANY EARTH DAY PROGRAMS.
IN LOS ANGELES THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE WILL GATHER WASTE MATERIALS
THROWN AWAY BY OTHERS. THEY WILL SEARCH BEACHES, RIVERS, ROADS
AND OTHER PUBLIC PLACES FOR MATERIALS THAT CAN BE USED AGAIN, OR
RECYCLED.
RECYCLING INVOLVES TREATING MATERIALS SUCH AS PAPER, BOTTLES AND
PRODUCTS MADE OF PLASTIC TO BE USED AGAIN.
VOICE ONE:
CITIZENS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN STATE OF FLORIDA WILL PLANT SEEDS
AND SMALL TREES. THE CITY OF NEW YORK IS PLANNING A PARADE FOR
THE PLANET.
REPRESENTATIVES OF MANY FOREIGN NATIONS WILL ATTEND A CONFERENCE
IN NEW YORK. THEY WILL DISCUSS ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
AND LINKS BETWEEN THE TWO.
MANY OTHER NATIONS WILL OBSERVE EARTH DAY. PEOPLE ARE EXPECTED
TO PLANT TREES AS WELL AS TAKE PART IN CLEAN-UP AND RECYCLING
PROGRAMS. COUNTRIES PLANNING EARTH DAY PROGRAMS INCLUDE BRITAIN,
FRANCE, GERMANY, BANGLADESH, CANADA, CROATIA, CHINA JAPAN,
ROMANIA, THE PHILIPPINES, RUSSIA AND CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES.
((MUSIC BRIDGE))
VOICE TWO:
AMONG THE MANY LIVES CHANGED BY THE FIRST EARTH DAY WAS THAT OF
CHARLES DEVENEY (DUH-VEN'-EE). IN NINETEEN-SEVENTY, MISTER
DEVENEY WAS A HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT IN FLORIDA. HE BECAME DEEPLY
CONCERNED ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT.
AS THE YEARS PASSED, HIS INTEREST IN THE ENVIRONMENT INCREASED.
IN NINETEEN-EIGHTY-SEVEN, MISTER DEVENEY WAS DRIVING TO HIS
TEACHING JOB AT CORAL SPRINGS HIGH SCHOOL IN FLORIDA. AS HE
DROVE, HE SAW MACHINES BELONGING TO LAND DEVELOPERS DESTROYING A
LARGE NUMBER OF TREES.
VOICE ONE:
MISTER DEVENEY SHARED HIS ANGER ABOUT THE DESTRUCTION WITH HIS
STUDENTS. HE SAYS, "I TOLD THEM OF WHAT I HAD SEEN AS A CHILD
AND AS A YOUNG MAN. I TOLD THEM OF HOW I ONCE COULD LOOK FROM
BRIDGES AND SEE CLEAR WATER AND MANY FISH. I SPOKE OF WALKING IN
THE FORESTS AND SEEING WILD ANIMALS." THEN HE TALKED ABOUT THE
EMPTY LAND, AND FORESTS THAT NOW ARE GONE.
MISTER DEVENEY'S STUDENTS DECIDED TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT WHAT
THEIR TEACHER WAS SAYING. THEY FORMED AN ORGANIZATION CALLED
"SAVE WHAT'S LEFT".
VOICE TWO:
THE STUDENTS SUCCEEDED IN STOPPING THE CLEARING OF
ONE-HUNDRED-FIFTY-SIX HECTARES OF LAND NEAR THE SCHOOL.
THE STUDENTS ATTENDED PUBLIC MEETINGS ABOUT WHAT SHOULD BE DONE
WITH THE LAND. THEY ASKED THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE TO SIGN A
STATEMENT URGING THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT TO MAKE THE LAND A PARK.
MISTER DEVENEY SAYS THAT CAMPAIGN TOOK SEVERAL YEARS OF HARD
WORK.
VOICE ONE:
NOW, THE TREES ON THE ONE-HUNDRED-FIFTY-SIX HECTARES WILL STAY
THERE -- PROTECTED FOR FUTURE CITIZENS OF THE PLANET EARTH.
"SAVE WHAT'S LEFT" HAS GROWN FROM THE ONE GROUP OF MISTER
DEVENEY'S STUDENTS TO MORE THAN EIGHT-HUNDRED ORGANIZATIONS
ACROSS THE UNITED STATES.
EARTH DAY IS A DAY FOR THEM TO CELEBRATE THE WORK THEY HAVE DONE.
AND IT IS A DAY FOR THEM, AND THE REST OF US, TO CONSIDER HOW TO
DO MORE TO PROTECT OUR HOME, THE EARTH.
((THEME))
VOICE TWO:
TODAY'S SCIENCE IN THE NEWS WAS WRITTEN BY JERI WATSON. THIS IS
____________.
VOICE ONE:
AND THIS IS ___________. JOIN US AGAIN NEXT WEEK AT THIS SAME
TIME FOR MORE NEWS ABOUT SCIENCE, IN SPECIAL ENGLISH, ON THE
VOICE OF AMERICA.
(THEME)
17-Apr-95 3:27 PM EDT (1927 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.184usisbel,
DATE=4/17/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177129
TITLE=FRANCE/BOSNIA ( L ONLY)
BYLINE=JULIAN NUNDY
DATELINE=PARIS
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT IS HOLDING URGENT DISCUSSIONS WHICH
COULD LEAD TO NEW CALLS TO WITHDRAW FRANCE'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE
UNITED NATIONS FORCE IN BOSNIA. THIS IS IN REACTION TO THE DEATHS
OF TWO FRENCH SOLDIERS IN SARAJEVO DURING THE WEEKEND. JULIAN
NUNDY REPORTS FROM PARIS.
TEXT: ONE OF THE KILLINGS WAS ACTUALLY FILMED BY A TELEVISION
CREW AND SHOWN ON FRANCE'S MAIN EVENINGS NEWS PROGRAMS. A SOLDIER
IN A VEHICLE WAS TRANSPORTING A CONTAINER WHICH HE WANTED TO USE
TO SCREEN OFF PART OF THE FAMOUS "SNIPER'S ALLEY" IN SARAJEVO.
SUDDENLY HE TOOK A DIRECT HIT TO THE CHEST. THE BULLET PIERCED
HIS ARMORED VEST AND THE SOLDIER FELL FROM THE CAB. ON THE
GROUND, ANOTHER BULLET STRUCK HIM.
WITH FOUR THOUSAND 500 MEN IN THE U-N PROTECTION FORCE, FRANCE
HAS MORE SOLDIERS IN FORMER YUGOSLAVIA THAN ANY OTHER COUNTRY.
THE DEATHS OF THE TWO SOLDIERS WERE DESCRIBED BY FRANCOIS
LEOTARD, THE DEFENSE MINISTER, AS "MURDERS". THEY GAVE RISE TO
NEW SPECULATION THAT FRANCE MIGHT WITHDRAW ITS TROOPS FROM THE
FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. WITH THE FRENCH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION
STARTING NEXT SUNDAY, THE ISSUE HAS GIVEN EDOUARD BALLADUR, THE
PRIME MINISTER AND ONE OF THE TWO GAULLIST CANDIDATES FOR THE
PRESIDENCY, AN UNWANTED FOREIGN POLICY CRISIS.
LIONEL JOSPIN, THE SOCIALIST CANDIDATE, CALLED ON THE GOVERNMENT
TO TAKE ALL POSSIBLE MEASURES TO PROTECT FRENCH SOLDIERS IN
BOSNIA. BUT HE WARNED THAT IT WAS IMPORTANT NOT TO TAKE A
HASTY DECISION WHICH COULD CHANGE FRENCH POLICY JUST BECAUSE OF
THE ELECTIONS.
JACQUES CHIRAC, THE OTHER GAULLIST CANDIDATE AND THE MAN MOST
LIKELY TO BE ELECTED PRESIDENT, CALLED ON THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMUNITY TO TAKE ACTION AGAINST THE KILLERS. ACCORDING TO THE
FRENCH DEFENSE MINISTRY, ONE SOLDIER WAS KILLED BY A BOSNIAN
MUSLIM GUNMAN, THE OTHER BY A SERB. JACQUES LANXADE, THE CHIEF
OF STAFF OF THE FRENCH ARMED FORCES, SAID FRANCE DID NOT WANT
TO WITHDRAW FROM BOSNIA BUT WOULD DO SO IF THE SITUATION
DETERIORATED FURTHER.
MR. BALLADUR REACTED BY SCHEDULING AN EMERGENCY CABINET MEETING
WITH HIS DEFENSE AND FOREIGN MINISTERS. IN ADDITION, HE HAS
ASKED FOR ALL THE 37 COUNTRIES WHICH CONTRIBUTE TROOPS TO THE U-N
FORCE IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA TO MEET TO DISCUSS THE
CONTINUATION OF THEIR MISSION. HE ALSO SAID HE WOULD ASK THE
EUROPEAN UNION AND NATO TO TAKE DIPLOMATIC INITIATIVES TO
PERSUADE THE WARRING SIDES AROUND SARAJEVO TO EXTEND THE
CEASE-FIRE THAT THEY DECLARED AT THE BEGINNING OF THE YEAR. AT
THE MOMENT, THE TRUCE IS DUE TO EXPIRE AT THE END OF THIS MONTH.
(SIGNED)
NEB/JN/MH/CF
17-Apr-95 7:56 AM EDT (1156 UTC)
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voa.185usisbel,
DATE=4/17/95
TYPE=CLOSEUP
NUMBER=4-08260
TITLE=GEORGE SOROS ON THE POST-COMMUNIST ERA
BYLINE=LEOS ROUSEK
DATELINE=NEW YORK
EDITOR=PHIL HAYNES
CONTENT= // ACTUALITIES AVAILABLE FROM S-O-D //
INTRO: GEORGE SOROS, THE AMERICAN FINANCIER AND PHILANTHROPIST,
SPOKE RECENTLY TO A GROUP OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND
PROFESSORS ABOUT, WHAT HE CALLED, THE "PERILS OF THE
POST-COMMUNIST ERA." MR. SOROS HAS PUT HIS MONEY AND
VISION INTO BUILDING A NETWORK OF FOUNDATIONS AIMED AT
ESTABLISHING OR RESTORING OPEN SOCIETIES IN FORMER
EAST-BLOC COUNTRIES IN EUROPE, AS WELL AS BURMA AND
SOUTH AFRICA. VOA'S LEOS ROUSEK REPORTS FROM NEW YORK.
TEXT: BILLIONAIRE FINANCIER GEORGE SOROS SAYS IN THE LAST FIVE
YEARS THE WEST HAS SHOWN A LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF HOW
TO GUARD THE VALUES OF AN OPEN SOCIETY -- A SOCIETY IN
WHICH NO CENTRAL POWER HAS AUTHORITY OVER ALL ASPECTS OF
LIFE.
MR. SOROS SAYS DESPITE THE CURRENT TREND IN THE WEST TO
DIMINISH THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN PEOPLE'S LIVES,
DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENTS STILL MUST PLAY A ROLE IN
PROTECTING THE IDEA OF AN OPEN SOCIETY. IN A SPEECH TO
A CONFERENCE AT BARD COLLEGE NEAR NEW YORK CITY, MR.
SOROS OFFERED SEVERAL IDEAS ON HOW TO DEAL WITH THE
POST-COLD WAR WORLD.
MR. SOROS SAID THAT THE IDEA OF AN OPEN SOCIETY HELPED
BRING THE DEMISE OF THE CLOSED, TOTALITARIAN SYSTEM THAT
RULED THE FORMER SOVIET EMPIRE. HOWEVER, HE SAID WHAT
REPLACED THAT SYSTEM VARIES THROUGHOUT EASTERN EUROPE.
TAPE: CUT # 1 - SOROS
"ONE HAS TO DISTINGUISH, OF COURSE, BETWEEN CENTRAL
EUROPE, POLAND, HUNGARY, CZECH REPUBLIC, SLOVENIA,
BALTIC STATES, WHERE IT'S (AN OPEN SOCIETY) MORE OR LESS
(PREVAILING), FROM THE FORMER SOVIET UNION WHERE YOU'RE
VERY, VERY FAR AWAY FROM IT. AND IN FACT, THE FORMER
SOVIET UNION, EXCLUDING NOW THE BALTIC STATES, YOU HAD A
PROCESS WHERE THE OLD SYSTEM WAS DISINTEGRATING WITHOUT
A NEW SYSTEM TAKING ITS PLACE. AS OPPOSED TO THE CENTRAL
EUROPE WHERE IMMEDIATELY THE COMMUNISM WAS GONE, PEOPLE
WHERE EITHER LOOKING TO EUROPE, LOOKING TO THE FUTURE OR
AT LEAST THEY COULD LOOK TO THE PAST AND GO BACK TO THE
SYSTEM THAT PREVAILED PREVIOUSLY.
TEXT: ON RUSSIA, MR. SOROS SAID THAT HE HAD ORIGINALLY
FORESEEN IT BECOMING A SORT OF BLACK HOLE, AFFLICTED
WITH EVER WORSENING SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DETERIORATION.
BUT LAST YEAR A NEW SOCIAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM BEGAN
EMERGING. UNFORTUNATELY, HE SAID, IT WAS A SYSTEM
DOMINATED BY "ROBBER CAPITALISM", AS HE CALLS IT -- NOT
QUITE WHAT RUSSIA NEEDS.
TAPE: CUT # 2 - SOROS
"IT WAS BROUGHT ABOUT BY A VERY RAPID PRIVATIZATION
WHERE THE ASSETS OF THE STATE WERE DISTRIBUTED TO THE
PEOPLE AT PRACTICALLY NO COST. THERE WERE AT LEAST
POTENTIALLY VALUABLE ASSETS THERE, LIKE OIL AND RAW
MATERIALS. SO PEOPLE STARTED GRABBING; SOME CLEVER
PEOPLE STARTED GRABBING THOSE ASSETS."
TEXT: GEORGE SOROS IS SKEPTICAL ABOUT THE FUTURE STABILIZATION
OF THE CAPITALIST SYSTEM IN RUSSIA. AS HE SEES IT, THE
CURRENT FOCUS OF RUSSIA'S REFORM EFFORTS IS -- "WHO WILL
GRAB THE STATE"; IN HIS WORDS, "THE
EVERYBODY-GRABS-EVERYTHING PRIVATIZATION" FEEDS
LAWLESSNESS AND IMMORALITY IN THE SOCIETY AT LARGE.
THE HUNGARIAN-BORN PHILANTHROPIST SEES TWO POWER GROUPS
WHICH COULD BENEFIT FROM THE DEVELOPMENT OF SO-CALLED
ROBBER CAPITALISM. ONE IS THE RESOURCE INDUSTRY AND THE
OTHER THE MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX.
MR. SOROS TOLD THE GATHERING OF SEVERAL HUNDRED STUDENTS
AND PROFESSORS IT IS TIME FOR WORLD LEADERS TO RETHINK
THE POST-COLD WAR WORLD ORDER.
HE SAID THE WEST HAS SQUANDERED SEVERAL OPPORTUNITIES TO
ESTABLISH A FUNCTIONING NEW INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM. HE
CITED THE CIVIL WAR IN FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AS ONE SUCH
MISSED CHANCE.
[OPT] MR. SOROS VOICED PARTICULAR CRITICISM OF THE
BOSNIA POLICIES OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. HE SAID THAT
BRITAIN, ACTING AS EUROPEAN UNION CHAIRMAN IN 1992 WHEN
THE FIGHTING IN BOSNIA ERUPTED, PUSHED FOR SENDING
UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING FORCES TO THE REGION WHERE
THERE WAS NO PEACE TO KEEP.
TAPE: CUT #3 - SOROS
"IT DISCREDITED THE UNITED NATIONS. IT HAS DISCREDITED
THE WESTERN POWERS AND AS A SIDE EFFECT IT ALSO GREATLY
DAMAGED NATO. BECAUSE UNTIL ITS INVOLVEMENT IN BOSNIA IT
HAD BEEN A SOURCE OF UNTESTED AND THEREFORE IMPRESSIVE
STRENGTHS. BUT AFTER BOSNIA, NATO IS NOT QUITE WHAT IT
WAS BEFORE. SO YOU HAVE NOW A SITUATION WITH NO
INTERNATIONAL ORDER AND THEREFORE YOU HAVE THE PROSPECT
OF INCREASING INTERNATIONAL DISORDER."
TEXT: ASKED WHAT COULD BE DONE ABOUT THE WAR IN THE BALKANS
NOW, MR. SOROS SAID IT IS DIFFICULT TO DO ANYTHING.
THE BILLIONAIRE PHILANTHROPIST NOTED HIS ORGANIZATION'S
AID EFFORTS AIMED AT PREVENTING THE CONFLICT FROM
SPREADING INTO MACEDONIA, THE SOUTHERNMOST REPUBLIC OF
FORMER YUGOSLAVIA, BORDERING GREECE. SHOULD FIGHTING
ERUPT THERE, HE ADDED, THE SECURITY INTERESTS OF THE
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION COULD BE DIRECTLY
ENDANGERED.
GEORGE SOROS SAID MAYBE THE TIME HAS COME TO CHANGE THE
ROLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND NATO TO MAKE THEM
PILLARS OF A FUNCTIONING INTERNATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM.
HE SUGGESTED THAT THE UNITED NATIONS MIGHT BE DIVIDED UP
INTO SEVERAL INDEPENDENT ORGANIZATIONS. (SIGNED)
NY/LR/ES/PCH
17-Apr-95 12:42 PM EDT (1642 UTC)
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voa.186usisbel,
DATE=4/18/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177177
TITLE=CHRISTOPHER / BOSNIA (L)
BYLINE=RON PEMSTEIN
DATELINE=NEW YORK
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE UNITED STATES IS EXPRESSING OUTRAGE AT THE UNITED
NATIONS' REFUSAL TO FLY THE U-S AMBASSADOR TO BOSNIA OUT OF
SARAJEVO. AS V-O-A'S RON PEMSTEIN REPORTS FROM NEW YORK, THE
ACTION WAS TAKEN BECAUSE THE BOSNIAN SERBS' COULD NOT GUARANTEE
THE AMBASSADOR'S SECURITY.
TEXT: THIS WAS THE FIRST TIME IN THREE YEARS THAT AN IMPORTANT
OFFICIAL HAS BEEN REFUSED PERMISSION TO BOARD A UNITED NATIONS
FLIGHT OUT OF SARAJEVO. U-S AMBASSADOR VICTOR JACKOVICH WAS
LEAVING HIS JOB MONDAY WHEN THE BOSNIAN SERBS TOLD THE UNITED
NATIONS THEY COULD NOT GUARANTEE THE SECURITY OF THE FLIGHT.
AMBASSADOR JACKOVICH WAS THEN FORCED TO TAKE AN ARMORED CAR
AROUND MOUNT IGMAN UNDER THE GUNS OF SERBIAN SNIPERS TO LEAVE THE
BOSNIAN CAPITAL. HE IS RETURNING TO WASHINGTON FOR PREPARATION
FOR HIS NEXT ASSIGNMENT AS AMBASSADOR TO SLOVENIA.
SECRETARY OF STATE WARREN CHRISTOPHER REACTED TO THE AMBASSADOR'S
PREDICAMENT WITH OUTRAGE.
/// CHRISTOPHER ACT ///
FROM WHAT I KNOW OF THAT EVENT YESTERDAY IT WAS
UNJUSTIFIED AND OUTRAGEOUS. THAT'S A VERY DANGEROUS
PLACE FOR AMERICANS TO SERVE. WE'VE HAD AN EMBASSY
THERE BECAUSE WE THOUGHT IT SERVED AN IMPORTANT PURPOSE.
I DON'T SEE ANY BASIS FOR ADDING TO THE RISKS AND
DANGERS FOR AMERICANS. BASED ON THE FACTS AS I KNOW
THEM NOW I'M GOING TO HAVE SOMETHING TO SAY TO THE
UNITED NATIONS OFFICIALS ABOUT THEIR DECISION.
/// END ACT ///
THE UNITED NATIONS IS SUPPOSED TO HAVE SOVEREIGNTY OVER SARAJEVO
AIRPORT. BUT THE SERBS HAVE RECENTLY DEMANDED CONTROL OVER WHO
BOARDS U-N FLIGHTS AS THE PRICE FOR NOT SHOOTING AT THE
AIRPLANES.
A SENIOR U-S OFFICIAL SAYS THE UNITED STATES WILL PROTEST TO THE
UNITED NATIONS ABOUT ACCEDING TO THE BOSNIAN SERBS' DEMANDS AND
PUTTING THE AMERICAN AMBASSADOR TO BOSNIA AT RISK. AMBASSADOR
JACKOVICH HAS BEEN A STRONG SUPPORTER OF THE MUSLIM-LED BOSNIAN
GOVERNMENT.
THE U-S OFFICIAL SAYS THE UNITED STATES WANTS TO KNOW WHY THE
UNITED NATIONS TOOK THE WORD OF A LOW-LEVEL BOSNIAN SERB OFFICIAL
IN REFUSING PERMISSION TO AMBASSADOR JACKOVICH TO BOARD THE
FLIGHT AT SARAJEVO AIRPORT.
SECRETARY OF STATE CHRISTOPHER DISCUSSED EVENTS IN BOSNIA WITH
FOREIGN MINISTERS FROM BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND GERMANY HERE IN NEW
YORK. THE FRENCH ARE UPSET AT THE KILLING OF TWO FRENCH
PEACEKEEPERS IN BOSNIA AND ARE CONSIDERING PLANS TO REMOVE THEIR
U-N CONTINGENT.
AMERICAN OFFICIALS ARE ALSO CONCERNED ABOUT THE DETERIORATING
SITUATION IN BOSNIA AND THE APPARENT REFUSAL OF SERBIA TO
CONSIDER THE PLAN OF THE BOSNIA CONTACT GROUP FOR MUTUAL
RECOGNITION OF ALL FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLICS. THE WESTERN
MINISTERS ARE LOOKING AT DIFFERENT WAYS TO GET THE FIVE-NATION
CONTACT GROUP AGAIN INVOLVED IN STOPPING THE BOSNIAN WAR.
(SIGNED)
NEB/RP/LTJ/JWH
18-Apr-95 12:44 PM EDT (1644 UTC)
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voa.187usisbel,
DATE=4/18/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177175
TITLE=CHRISTOPHER-BOSNIA (S)
BYLINE=RON PEMSTEIN
DATELINE=NEW YORK
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: U-S SECRETARY OF STATE WARREN CHRISTOPHER IS EXPRESSING
OUTRAGE AT THE REFUSAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS TO FLY THE U-S
AMBASSADOR FOR BOSNIA OUT OF SARAJEVO. RON PEMSTEIN REPORTS FROM
NEW YORK.
TEXT: THE AMERICAN AMBASSADOR TO BOSNIA, VICTOR JACKOVICH, WAS
DENIED PERMISSION TO TAKE A UNITED NATIONS FLIGHT OUT OF
SARAJEVO BECAUSE THE BOSNIAN SERBS WOULD NOT GUARANTEE HIS
SECURITY. INSTEAD, THE AMBASSADOR WAS FORCED TO LEAVE BY ROAD,
UNDER THE GUNS OF SERBIAN SNIPERS ON MOUNT IGMAN, AS HE DEPARTED
HIS POST.
SECRETARY OF STATE CHRISTOPHER TOLD REPORTERS HERE IN NEW YORK,
HE IS OUTRAGED BY THE ACTIONS OF THE SERBS AND THE UNITED
NATIONS.
///CHRISTOPHER ACT///
BASED ON WHAT I KNOW OF THAT ACT, I THOUGHT IT WAS AN
OUTRAGEOUS ACT BY THE SERBS. I'M GOING TO BE DISCUSSING
THAT WITH MY COLLEAGUES, AS WELL AS WITH THE UNITED
NATIONS. THERE ARE A NUMBER OF TRAGIC AND OUTRAGEOUS
EVENTS THERE -- AS I MENTIONED, THE DEATHS OF THE TWO
FRENCH PEACEKEEPERS -- BUT FROM WHAT I KNOW OF THAT
EVENT YESTERDAY, IT WAS UNJUSTIFIED AND OUTRAGEOUS.
///END ACT///
MR. CHRISTOPHER SAYS HE SEES NO BASIS FOR ADDING TO THE DANGERS
FOR AMERICANS SERVING IN BOSNIA, AND HE SAYS HE WILL HAVE
SOMETHING TO SAY TO THE UNITED NATIONS ABOUT THE DECISION TO DENY
THE U-S AMBASSADOR A FLIGHT OUT OF SARAJEVO. (SIGNED)
NEB/RP/MMK
18-Apr-95 11:55 AM EDT (1555 UTC)
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voa.188usisbel,
DATE=4/18/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177161
TITLE=FRANCE / BOSNIA (L)
BYLINE=SONJA PACE
DATELINE=PARIS
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: FRANCE IS CALLING FOR AN EMERGENCY MEETING OF THE U-N
SECURITY COUNCIL ON THE SITUATION IN BOSNIA. A STATEMENT ISSUED
BY THE PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE IN PARIS SAYS FRANCE WILL HAVE TO
WITHDRAW ITS TROOPS FROM BOSNIA IF THE CURRENT CEASE-FIRE IS NOT
EXTENDED. SONJA PACE REPORTS FROM THE FRENCH CAPITAL.
TEXT: PRIME MINISTER EDOUARD BALLADUR'S OFFICE SAYS CONDITIONS
IN BOSNIA HAVE WORSENED TO THE POINT WHERE THE U-N PEACEKEEPING
MISSION IS SERIOUSLY JEOPARDIZED.
A STATEMENT FROM MR. BALLADUR'S OFFICE CALLS FOR AN EMERGENCY
MEETING OF THE U-N SECURITY COUNCIL TO DRAW UP MEASURES TO ENSURE
THE SAFETY OF THE PEACEKEEPERS AND ALLOW THEM TO CARRY OUT THEIR
MISSION.
FRANCE HAS 45-HUNDRED TROOPS IN BOSNIA, THE SINGLE BIGGEST U-N
CONTINGENT. BUT TUESDAY'S STATEMENT SAYS THOSE TROOPS WILL HAVE
TO BE WITHDRAWN UNLESS PROGRESS IS MADE ON EXTENDING THE CURRENT
CEASE-FIRE, WHICH IS DUE TO EXPIRE THE END OF THIS MONTH. FRANCE
IS ALSO CALLING FOR A RESUMPTION OF STALLED PEACE NEGOTIATIONS,
AND FOR ENSURING FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT AND ACTION FOR U-N FORCES.
THE STATEMENT COMES JUST DAYS AFTER TWO FRENCH SOLDIERS WERE
KILLED IN SARAJEVO. IT WAS ISSUED AFTER MR. BALLADUR CHAIRED AN
EMERGENCY CABINET MEETING IN PARIS THAT INCLUDED FOREIGN MINISTER
ALAIN JUPPE, DEFENSE MINISTER FRANCOIS LEOTARD AND THE ARMED
FORCES CHIEF OF STAFF.
FOREIGN MINISTER JUPPE IS TO HEAD TO NEW YORK TO LAUNCH A NEW
PEACE DRIVE UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE CONTACT GROUP, MADE UP OF
FRANCE, THE UNITED STATES, GERMANY, BRITAIN AND RUSSIA.
RENEWED CONCERNS HERE ABOUT THE SITUATION IN BOSNIA COME IN THE
MIDST OF THE FRENCH PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN, IN WHICH MR. BALLADUR
IS A CANDIDATE. HIS MAIN RIVALS ARE FRONT-RUNNER JACQUES CHIRAC
AND SOCIALIST CANDIDATE LIONEL JOSPIN. THE FIRST ROUND OF VOTING
TAKES PLACE ON SUNDAY. (SIGNED)
NEB/SP/SKH/CF
18-Apr-95 8:32 AM EDT (1232 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.189usisbel,
DATE=4/18/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177160
TITLE=FRANCE / BOSNIA (S)
BYLINE=SONJA PACE
DATELINE=PARIS
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: FRANCE IS CALLING FOR AN EMERGENCY MEETING OF THE U-N
SECURITY COUNCIL ABOUT THE SITUATION IN BOSNIA. V-O-A'S SONJA
PACE IN PARIS REPORTS A STATEMENT ISSUED BY THE PRIME MINISTER'S
OFFICE SAYS FRANCE WILL HAVE TO WITHDRAW ITS TROOPS FROM BOSNIA
IF THE CURRENT CEASEFIRE IS NOT EXTENDED.
TEXT: PRIME MINISTER EDOUARD BALLADUR'S OFFICE SAYS CONDITIONS
IN BOSNIA HAVE WORSENED TO THE POINT WHERE THE U-N PEACEKEEPING
MISSION IS IN JEOPARDY.
THE STATEMENT CALLS ON THE U-N SECURITY COUNCIL TO DRAW UP
MEASURES TO ENSURE THE SAFETY OF THE PEACEKEEPERS AND ALLOW THEM
TO CARRY OUT THEIR MISSION.
FRANCE SAYS IT WILL HAVE TO WITHDRAW ITS TROOPS FROM BOSNIA
UNLESS PROGRESS IS MADE ON EXTENDING THE CURRENT CEASEFIRE,
RE-STARTING STALLED PEACE NEGOTIATIONS, AND GIVING FREEDOM OF
MOVEMENT TO U-N FORCES.
THE STATEMENT COMES JUST DAYS AFTER TWO FRENCH SOLDIERS WERE
KILLED IN SARAJEVO.
FRENCH FOREIGN MINISTER ALAIN JUPPE IS TO HEAD TO NEW YORK TO
LAUNCH A NEW PEACE DRIVE UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE CONTACT GROUP,
MADE UP OF FRANCE, THE UNITED STATES, GERMANY, BRITAIN, AND
RUSSIA. (SIGNED)
NEB/SP/SKH/JWH
18-Apr-95 8:19 AM EDT (1219 UTC)
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voa.190usisbel,
DATE=4/18/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177180
TITLE=FRANCE/BOSNIA (S ONLY)
BYLINE=ELAINE JOHANSON
DATELINE=UNITED NATIONS
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: FRANCE IS PRESSING THE UNITED NATION SECURITY COUNCIL TO
MEET URGENTLY ON BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA -- WHERE TWO FRENCH
PEACEKEEPERS WERE KILLED LAST WEEK. VOA CORRESPONDENT ELAINE
JOHANSON REPORTS THE FRENCH ARE INSISTING THE COUNCIL ADOPT A
RESOLUTION:
TEXT: THE FRENCH WANT THE SECURITY COUNCIL TO TIGHTEN SECURITY
AROUND THE U-N PEACEKEEPERS AND GUARANTEE THEIR FREEDOM OF
MOVEMENT. IT ALSO WANTS THE COUNCIL TO PROD THE WARRING PARTIES
IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA TO RENEW A SHAKEY CEASE-FIRE THAT IS DUE TO
EXPIRE AT THE END OF APRIL.
FRANCE HAS THREATENED TO PULL ITS SOLDIERS OUT IF THE SITUATION
CONTINUES TO DETERIORATE. THE FRENCH -- WITH OVER 45-HUNDRED
TROOPS -- HAVE THE LARGEST CONTINGENT IN BOSNIA.
AT A NEWS CONFERENCE IN NEW YORK, FRENCH FOREIGN MINISTER ALAIN
JUPPE TOLD REPORTERS A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION INDICATES THAT
ONE OF THE FRENCH PEACEKEEPERS COULD HAVE BEEN KILLED BY BOSNIAN
GOVERNMENT FORCES. HOWEVER, A U-N SPOKESMAN SAID THE EVIDENCE OF
WHO FIRED THE SHOTS IS STILL INCONCLUSIVE.
THE SECURITY COUNCIL HAS NOT SCHEDULED A FORMAL MEETING YET.
RUSSIA HAS PRESENTED ITS OWN PAPER TO THE COUNCIL. DIPLOMATS ARE
TRYING TO MERGE IT WITH THE FRENCH PROPOSALS. (SIGNED)
UN/EJ/CF
18-Apr-95 1:12 PM EDT (1712 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.191usisbel,
DATE=4/18/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177163
TITLE=U-N/BOSNIA (S ONLY)
BYLINE=DOUGLAS ROBERTS
DATELINE=GENEVA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: SERB FORCES HAVE EXPELLED MORE MUSLIM CIVILIANS FROM THE
NORTHEAST BOSNIAN TOWN OF BIJELINA. OFFICIALS OF THE U-N HIGH
COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR) IN GENEVA REPORTED THIS LATEST
ROUND IN THE SERB ETHNIC CLEANSING CAMPAIGN, AS WE HEAR FROM
VOA'S DOUGLAS ROBERTS.
TEXT: U-N-H-C-R OFFICIALS SAY A TOTAL OF 126 MUSLIMS WERE
EXPELLED FROM BIJELINA DURING A TWO DAY PERIOD LATE LAST WEEK.
SPOKESMAN RON REDMOND SAID THE LAST GROUP TO REACH THE
GOVERNMENT-HELD TOWN OF TUZLA INCLUDED THREE MENTALLY-HANDICAPPED
PEOPLE AND SEVEN ELDERLY MEN AND WOMEN SO SEVERELY DISABLED THEY
COULD BARELY WALK.
THEY WERE ROUNDED UP BY ARMED SERB MILITIAMEN AND TAKEN TO
BIJELINA'S RAILWAY STATION, AND FROM THERE TO THE FRONT LINE
VILLAGE OF PIPERI.
// REDMOND ACT //
THERE, ALL THE MILITARY DRAFT AGE MEN WERE SEPARATED,
AND THEY WERE BEATEN IN FRONT OF THE REST OF THE GROUP.
// END ACT //
MR. REDMOND SAID THE REMAINING MEMBERS OF THE GROUP WERE THEN
FORCED TO WALK ACROSS THE BATTLE LINES TO GOVERNMENT-HELD
TERRITORY. BUT THE YOUNG MEN REMAINED IN CUSTODY. SERB
COMMANDERS SAID THEY WOULD ONLY BE RELEASED WHEN SERB RESIDENTS
OF TUZLA ARE ALLOWED TO LEAVE THE TOWN.
U-N AND RED CROSS OFFICIALS SAY SEVERAL HUNDRED THOUSAND MUSLIMS
AND CROATS HAVE BEEN EXPELLED FROM SERB-HELD TERRITORY IN
NORTHERN BOSNIA SINCE THE WAR BEGAN THREE YEARS AGO. AND THEY
SAY ONLY A FEW THOUSAND NON-SERBS REMAIN IN THE AREA.
A RED CROSS SPOKESWOMAN SAID IT IS CLEAR THAT THE ETHNIC
CLEANSING CAMPAIGN HAS NOW REACHED ITS FINAL STAGES. (SIGNED)
NEB/DBR/MH/CF
18-Apr-95 8:56 AM EDT (1256 UTC)
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voa.192usisbel,
DATE=4/18/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177163*
TITLE=U-N/BOSNIA (S ONLY)
BYLINE=DOUGLAS ROBERTS
DATELINE=GENEVA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
// RERUNNING TO CORRECT SPELLING OF BOSNIAN TOWN THROUGHOUT. //
INTRO: SERB FORCES HAVE EXPELLED MORE MUSLIM CIVILIANS FROM THE
NORTHEAST BOSNIAN TOWN OF BIJELJINA. OFFICIALS OF THE U-N HIGH
COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR) IN GENEVA REPORTED THIS LATEST
ROUND IN THE SERB ETHNIC CLEANSING CAMPAIGN, AS WE HEAR FROM
VOA'S DOUGLAS ROBERTS.
TEXT: U-N-H-C-R OFFICIALS SAY A TOTAL OF 126 MUSLIMS WERE
EXPELLED FROM BIJELJINA DURING A TWO DAY PERIOD LATE LAST WEEK.
SPOKESMAN RON REDMOND SAID THE LAST GROUP TO REACH THE
GOVERNMENT-HELD TOWN OF TUZLA INCLUDED THREE MENTALLY-HANDICAPPED
PEOPLE AND SEVEN ELDERLY MEN AND WOMEN SO SEVERELY DISABLED THEY
COULD BARELY WALK.
THEY WERE ROUNDED UP BY ARMED SERB MILITIAMEN AND TAKEN TO
BIJELJINA'S RAILWAY STATION, AND FROM THERE TO THE FRONT LINE
VILLAGE OF PIPERI.
// REDMOND ACT //
THERE, ALL THE MILITARY DRAFT AGE MEN WERE SEPARATED,
AND THEY WERE BEATEN IN FRONT OF THE REST OF THE GROUP.
// END ACT //
MR. REDMOND SAID THE REMAINING MEMBERS OF THE GROUP WERE THEN
FORCED TO WALK ACROSS THE BATTLE LINES TO GOVERNMENT-HELD
TERRITORY. BUT THE YOUNG MEN REMAINED IN CUSTODY. SERB
COMMANDERS SAID THEY WOULD ONLY BE RELEASED WHEN SERB RESIDENTS
OF TUZLA ARE ALLOWED TO LEAVE THE TOWN.
U-N AND RED CROSS OFFICIALS SAY SEVERAL HUNDRED THOUSAND MUSLIMS
AND CROATS HAVE BEEN EXPELLED FROM SERB-HELD TERRITORY IN
NORTHERN BOSNIA SINCE THE WAR BEGAN THREE YEARS AGO. AND THEY
SAY ONLY A FEW THOUSAND NON-SERBS REMAIN IN THE AREA.
A RED CROSS SPOKESWOMAN SAID IT IS CLEAR THAT THE ETHNIC
CLEANSING CAMPAIGN HAS NOW REACHED ITS FINAL STAGES. (SIGNED)
NEB/DBR/MH/CF
18-Apr-95 10:45 AM EDT (1445 UTC)
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voa.193usisbel,
DATE=4/18/95
TYPE=BACKGROUND REPORT
NUMBER=5-20242
TITLE=U-S AND U-N PEACEKEEPING
BYLINE=DON HENRY
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: A TOP CLINTON ADMINISTRATION SECURITY ADVISER SAYS BILLS
BEFORE CONGRESS TO RESTRICT THE U-S ROLE IN UNITED NATIONS
PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS WOULD HAVE DANGEROUS CONSEQUENCES AROUND
THE GLOBE, IF APPROVED. VOA'S DON HENRY REPORTS DEMOCRATS AND
REPUBLICANS AT A FOREIGN POLICY FORUM TODAY (TUESDAY) DISAGREED
SHARPLY ABOUT THE PEACEKEEPING LEGISLATION, BUT ACKNOWLEDGED
THERE IS WIDESPREAD FRUSTRATION WITH THE U-N THROUGHOUT THE
COUNTRY.
TEXT: THE COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS LINED UP A HALF DOZEN
NATIONAL SECURITY EXPERTS TO DEBATE THE REPUBLICAN PEACEKEEPING
RESTRICTION PLAN THAT WAS PASSED IN THE HOUSE AND IS PENDING IN
THE SENATE. THE LEGISLATION WOULD REQUIRE THE PRESIDENT TO GET
APPROVAL AND FUNDING FROM CONGRESS PRIOR TO PLACING AMERICAN
TROOPS UNDER U-N COMMAND IN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS IN MOST
CASES.
THE MEASURE ALSO WOULD ALLOW THE UNITED STATES TO DEDUCT FROM ITS
U-N ASSESSMENT THE COST OF AMERICAN MILITARY ACTIONS RELATED TO
PEACEKEEPING EVEN WHEN THEY ARE NOT U-N OPERATIONS.
SAMUEL BERGER, PRESIDENT CLINTON'S DEPUTY NATIONAL SECURITY
ADVISER, CONSIDERS THE LEGISLATION OUTRAGEOUS.
// BERGER ACT /
THESE BILLS REPRESENT AN ASSAULT ON THE AUTHORITY OF THE
PRESIDENT AS COMMANDER IN CHIEF AND WOULD DEBILITATE
PEACEKEEPING RATHER THAN REFORM IT.
// END ACT //
HE SAID DEDUCTING THE COST OF U-S OPERATIONS LIKE HUMANITARIAN
RELIEF WOULD EVENTUALLY BRING AN END TO UNITED NATIONS
PEACEKEEPING, BECAUSE OTHER U-N MEMBERS WOULD FOLLOW THAT LEAD.
DEMOCRATIC CONGRESSMAN LEE HAMILTON AGREED. HE SAID THE UNITED
STATES ROUTINELY SPENDS MORE MONEY ON NON-UNITED NATIONS
PEACE-RELATED ACTIONS THAN IT DOES ON U-N PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS,
AND THE RESULTS WOULD BE PREDICTABLE AND DRASTIC.
// HAMILTON ACT //
WHAT THAT MEANS IS THE END OF U-N PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS
-- THE END IN CYPRUS, THE END IN JERUSALEM, THE END IN
ANGOLA, KUWAIT, RWANDA. IT MEANS NO-FLY ZONES WOULD BE
ENDED IN IRAQ, AND IT MEANS THE END OF HUMANITARIAN
RELIEF IN BOSNIA.
// END ACT //
SHAPRLY DISAGREEING WAS FORMER DEFENSE SECRETARY CASPAR
WEINBERGER. HE SAYS THE LEGISLATION WOULD HAVE NO SUCH
CONSEQUENCES AND ALSO WOULD NOT LIMIT THE PRESIDENT'S POWERS AS
COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF ARMED FORCES.
MR. WEINBERGER BELIEVES CONGRESSIONAL OVERSIGHT ON UNITED NATIONS
OPERATIONS IS NECESSARY BECAUSE U-N MANDATES OFTEN ARE AMBIGUOUS
DUE TO POLITICAL PRESSURES.
// WEINBERGER ACT //
BEAR IN MIND THAT A SIMPLE RESOLUTION CONDEMNING ETHNIC
CLEANSING BY THE SERBIANS COULD NOT PASS THE UNITED
NATIONS BECAUSE THE RUSSIANS OBJECTED, AND THAT'S THE
KIND OF COMMAND AND CONTROL THAT YOU HAVE OVER THESE
FORCES UNDER U-N COMMAND, AND THIS IS PRECISELY WHY IT
SEEMS TO BE NECESSARY TO HAVE THE KIND OF RESTRAINTS
THAT ARE SET HERE.
// END ACT //
ANOTHER ONE-TIME HIGH-RANKING REPUBLICAN ADMINISTRATION FIGURE,
FORMER U-N AMBASSADOR JEANNE KIRKPATRICK, CITED
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AS A REASON WHY AMERICAN FORCES SHOULD NEVER
BE PUT UNDER U-N COMMAND AND CONTROL. SHE SAID THE U-N
PEACEKEEPING ROLE IN BOSNIA IS A TOTAL FAILURE.
// KIRKPATRICK ACT //
IT HAS NOT SAVED ANY PEACE. IT HASN'T SAVED LIVES, IT
HASN'T RELIEVED CIVILIAN POPULATIONS, AND THAT'S WHY I
DON'T THINK WE SHOULD PARTICIPATE IN OR FUND IT, IN
FACT, EXCEPT AS IT CHANGES.
// END ACT //
REPUBLICANS AND DEMOCRATS AT THE FORUM AGREED THAT U-N
PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS WOULD BE MORE EFFECTIVE IF THEY WERE MORE
CLEARLY DEFINED IN SCOPE AND HAD A SECURE ESCAPE PROCEDURE IN THE
EVENT OF FAILURE.
THEY ALSO AGREED CONGRESS AND THE AMERICAN PEOPLE ARE FRUSTRATED
WITH THE INEFFECTIVENESS OF THE UNITED NATIONS.
THE SENATE IS EXPECTED TO DILUTE SOME OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE
HOUSE BILL BUT HOW THE TWO CHAMBERS WOULD COMPROMISE ON
DIFFERENCES IS UNCLEAR. PRESIDENT CLINTON IS BEING URGED BY SOME
OF HIS BACKERS TO VETO ANY BILL HE FINDS TOO RESTRICTIVE.
(SIGNED)
NEB/DOH/CF
18-Apr-95 2:49 PM EDT (1849 UTC)
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voa.194usisbel,
DATE=4/19/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177269
TITLE=CLINTON / OKLAHOMA BOMBING (S)
BYLINE=DEBORAH TATE
DATELINE=WHITE HOUSE
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: PRESIDENT CLINTON HAS STRONGLY CONDEMNED THE BOMBING IN
THE U-S STATE OF OKLAHOMA. IN AN APPEARANCE ON NATIONAL
TELEVISION, MR. CLINTON WARNED THAT THOSE RESPONSIBLE WOULD BE
PUNISHED SEVERELY. V-O-A WHITE HOUSE CORRESPONDENT DEBORAH TATE
REPORTS.
TEXT: PRESIDENT CLINTON -- WHO AIDES SAY HAS SEEN THE GRAPHIC
TELEVISION PICTURES OF THE HUMAN CASUALTIES AND THE DAMAGE CAUSED
BY THE BLAST -- APPEARED DEEPLY AFFECTED BY THE INCIDENT.
CALLING THOSE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DEADLY BOMBING -- IN HIS WORDS
-- "EVIL COWARDS," HE VOWED THEY WOULD BE SWIFTLY BROUGHT TO
JUSTICE.
// CLINTON ACT //
LET THERE BE NO ROOM FOR DOUBT. WE WILL FIND THE
PEOPLE WHO DID THIS. WHEN WE DO, JUSTICE WILL BE SWIFT,
CERTAIN, AND SEVERE. THESE PEOPLE ARE KILLERS, AND THEY
MUST BE TREATED LIKE KILLERS.
// END ACT //
THE PRESIDENT HAS DEPLOYED A HIGH-LEVEL TEAM OF INVESTIGATORS TO
THE SCENE, ORDERED SECURITY TIGHTENED AT ALL FEDERAL OFFICE
BUILDINGS, AND DECLARED OKLAHOMA CITY A DISASTER AREA, MAKING IT
ELIGIBLE FOR FEDERAL FUNDS.
ATTORNEY GENERAL JANET RENO -- WHO DECLINED TO COMMENT ON
EVIDENCE GATHERED BY AUTHORITIES -- SAYS THE UNITED STATES WOULD
SEEK THE DEATH PENALTY AGAINST THOSE FOUND GUILTY OF CARRYING OUT
THE INCIDENT. (SIGNED)
NEB / DAT / BD/BG
19-Apr-95 7:01 PM EDT (2301 UTC)
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voa.195usisbel,
DATE=4/19/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177268
TITLE=CLINTON-OKLAHOMA BOMBING (L)
BYLINE=DAVID BORGIDA
DATELINE=WHITE HOUSE
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: PRESIDENT CLINTON IS DESCRIBING THOSE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
DEVASTATING BLAST AT AN OKLAHOMA CITY (OKLAHOMA) FEDERAL BUILDING
WEDNESDAY AS EVIL COWARDS, AND HE IS PROMISING A FULL-SCALE
FEDERAL EFFORT TO BRING THEM TO JUSTICE. WHITE HOUSE
CORRESPONDENT DAVID BORGIDA REPORTS ON THE REACTION FROM AN
OUTRAGED PRESIDENT.
TEXT: AN ANGRY AND EMOTIONAL PRESIDENT CLINTON SEEMED ON THE
VERGE OF TEARS AS HE DELIVERED A BRIEF STATEMENT TO REPORTERS
AFTER SPENDING MUCH OF HIS DAY MONITORING DEVELOPMENTS IN
OKLAHOMA CITY AND MANAGING A FEDERAL RESPONSE.
///CLINTON ACT///
THE BOMBING IN OKLAHOMA CITY WAS AN ATTACK ON INNOCENT
CHILDREN AND DEFENSELESS CITIZENS. IT WAS AN ACT OF
COWARDICE AND IT WAS EVIL. THE UNITED STATES WILL NOT
TOLERATE IT, AND I WILL NOT ALLOW THE PEOPLE OF THIS
COUNTRY TO BE INTIMIDATED BY EVIL COWARDS.
///END ACT///
THE PRESIDENT AUTHORIZED THE DEPLOYMENT OF A HIGH-LEVEL FEDERAL
CRIME MANAGEMENT TEAM TO OKLAHOMA CITY, AS WELL AS TIGHTER
SECURITY MEASURES AT FEDERAL FACILITIES AROUND THE NATION, AND
DECLARED A FEDERAL EMERGENCY IN OKLAHOMA CITY.
HE WAS ANGRY AFTER THE FEBRUARY, 1993, BOMBING OF THE WORLD TRADE
CENTER IN NEW YORK CITY, BUT MINDFUL THAT CHILDREN IN A DAY CARE
CENTER WERE KILLED IN THIS INCIDENT, HE SEEMED EVEN MORE SHAKEN.
HIS CHOICE OF WORDS REFLECTED THAT.
///CLINTON ACT///
LET THERE BE NO ROOM FOR DOUBT. WE WILL FIND THE PEOPLE
WHO DID THIS. WHEN WE DO, JUSTICE WILL BE SWIFT, CERTAIN
AND SEVERE. THESE PEOPLE ARE KILLERS, AND THEY MUST BE
TREATED LIKE KILLERS.
///END ACT///
ATTORNEY GENERAL JANET RENO REFUSED TO ANSWER DETAILED QUESTIONS
ABOUT THIS INCIDENT, SAYING SHE WANTED TO PROTECT AN ONGOING
INVESTIGATION. SHE DID SAY FEDERAL AUTHORITIES HAVE RECEIVED
WHAT SHE CALLED SUPERB COOPERATION FROM LOCAL OKLAHOMA CITY LAW
ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS.
AND SHE PROMISED EVERY LEAD WOULD BE PURSUED IN THE EFFORT TO
CAPTURE AND BRING TO JUSTICE THOSE RESPONSIBLE.
USING LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE NATION'S TOP LAW ENFORCEMENT
OFFICIAL, SHE LEFT NO DOUBT ABOUT WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT.
///RENO ACT///
EIGHTEEN U-S-C SECTION 844 RELATES TO THOSE WHO
MALICIOUSLY DAMAGE OR DESTROY A FEDERAL BUILDING. IF
THERE IS DEATH, IF DEATH OCCURS, THE DEATH PENALTY IS
AVAILABLE AND WE WILL SEEK IT.
///END ACT///
AT THE WHITE HOUSE, MEANWHILE, SECURITY WAS TIGHTENED IN THE
WAKE OF THE TRAGEDY IN OKLAHOMA CITY, A STARK REMINDER THAT THE
NIGHTMARE OF TERRORISM CAN HIT ANYWHERE, AT ANY TIME. (SIGNED)
NEB/BORG/KK/BG
19-Apr-95 6:42 PM EDT (2242 UTC)
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voa.196usisbel,
DATE=4/19/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177255
TITLE=BOSNIA VOTE (L ONLY)
BYLINE=ELAINE JOHANSON
DATELINE=UNITED NATIONS
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL WEDNESDAY CALLED FOR
TIGHTER SECURITY FOR U-N TROOPS IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA. THE
COUNCIL UNANIMOUSLY ADOPTED A RESOLUTION AT THE URGING OF FRANCE.
VOA CORRESPONDENT ELAINE JOHANSON REPORTS:
TEXT: THE SECURITY COUNCIL REMINDED THE WARRING PARTIES IN
BOSNIA THAT THEY ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SAFETY OF U-N TROOPS.
IT DEMANDED AN END TO ALL ACTS OF VIOLENCE AND INTIMIDATION
DIRECTED AT THE PEACEKEEPERS.
THE COUNCIL RESOLUTION URGED SECRETARY-GENERAL BOUTROS
BOUTROS-GHALI TO SUBMIT PROPOSALS FOR PROTECTING U-N PERSONNEL.
THE ONLY REAL OPTION THE U-N HAS AT THIS POINT IS TO CALL FOR
NATO AIR STRIKES. BUT IT HAS USED NATO SPARINGLY AND EVEN
DISCOURAGED THE WESTERN ALLIANCE FROM UNDERTAKING ANY ROBUST AIR
ACTION.
THE COUNCIL ALSO CALLED ON THE BOSNIAN PARTIES TO RENEW THEIR
SHAKEY CEASEFIRE WHICH EXPIRES AT THE END OF THIS MONTH. THE
TRUCE HAS BEEN REPEATEDLY VIOLATED SINCE IT OFFICIALLY TOOK
EFFECT JANUARY FIRST.
FRANCE PRESSED FOR A SECURITY COUNCIL VOTE AFTER TWO FRENCH
SOLDIERS WERE KILLED BY SNIPER FIRE IN SARAJEVO LAST WEEK. IT
THREATENED TO WITHDRAW ITS 45-HUNDRED TROOPS IN BOSNIA IF THE
SITUATION CONTINUES TO DETERIORATE.
FRENCH AMBASSADOR JEAN-BERNARD MERIMEE TOLD REPORTERS FRANCE
WOULD LIKE TO CONTINUE ITS PEACEKEEPING COMMITMENT. HE URGED THE
COMBATANTS TO RESPOND POSITIVELY TO THE SECURITY COUNCIL'S CALL:
///MERIMEE ACT///
IF ALL THE PARTIES IMPLEMENT WHAT IS REQUESTED FROM THEM
BY THE RESOLUTION, WE VERY MUCH HOPE THAT CONDITIONS
WILL BE SUCH AGAIN AS IT ALLOWS THE U-N FORCES AND THE
U-N CONTINGENTS TO STAY ON.
///END ACT///
MEANWHILE, THE SECURITY COUNCIL ONCE AGAIN URGED INTERNATIONAL
MEDIATORS AND THE WARRING PARTIES TO RESUME PEACE NEGOTIATIONS
WITHOUT DELAY TOWARD A COMPREHENSIVE POLITICAL SETTLEMENT.
DIPLOMATS SAID A MILITARY SOLUTION TO THE BOSNIAN WAR REMAINS
UNACCEPTABLE. (SIGNED)
NEB/KBK
19-Apr-95 2:56 PM EDT (1856 UTC)
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voa.197usisbel,
DATE=4/20/95
TYPE=REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK
NUMBER=4-08267
TITLE=EARTH DAY AROUND THE GLOBE
BYLINE=HAYES/WOOD/MURDOCK/HO/DRUDGE/WILKISON/FLAKUS
TELEPHONE=619-1101
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=PAMELA TAYLOR/PHIL HAYNES
CONTENT= // INSERTS AVAILABLE FROM TAPE LIBRARY //
CART: THEME ESTABLISH THEN UNDER
HOST: WELCOME TO REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK, A REGULAR WEEKLY
MAGAZINE SHOW FEATURING REPORTS BY, OR CONVERSATIONS
WITH, VOA CORRESPONDENTS AROUND THE GLOBE ABOUT THEIR
EXPERIENCES IN THE FIELD.
CART: UP FULL AND UNDER
HOST: I'M YOUR HOST, PAMELA TAYLOR. THIS WEEK WE FEATURE A
SPECIAL REPORT COMMEMORATING THE 25TH ANNIVERSARY OF
EARTH DAY (APRIL 22ND), WITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM SEVEN
VOA REPORTERS HIGHLIGHTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN
THEIR PART OF THE WORLD. WE BEGIN WITH AN OVERVIEW FROM
CORRESPONDENT EVANS HAYS ABOUT SOME OF THE GLOBAL
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES DISCUSSED AT A RECENT U-N
CONFERENCE IN BERLIN ON WORLD CLIMATE CHANGE. AS OFTEN
HAPPENS AT SUCH CONFERENCES, EVANS SAYS IMPORTANT ISSUES
DON'T ALWAYS TRANSLATE INTO EXCITING NEWS:
TEXT: THE BERLIN MEETING ATTRACTED SOME TWO-THOUSAND
JOURNALISTS -- A FIGURE EQUAL TO THE NUMBER OF DELEGATES
AND OFFICIAL OBSERVERS. MOST OF US ARRIVED THINKING FOR
THAT KIND OF MONEY SOME REAL NEWS WOULD BE MADE. WE
KNEW -- AND TRIED TO EXPLAIN TO LISTENERS AND READERS
AROUND THE WORLD -- THAT DECISIONS TAKEN IN BERLIN
WOULDN'T CHANGE TOMORROW'S WEATHER. BUT THEY JUST MIGHT
MAKE A WEIGHTY IMPACT ON HOW GOVERNMENTS TRY TO PROTECT
THE ENVIRONMENT.
IT DIDN'T TAKE LONG TO REALIZE THAT THE DELEGATES
THEMSELVES WERE LESS OPTIMISTIC. MUCH OF THE CONFERENCE
DEALT LESS WITH POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE WORLD'S
CLIMATE THAN WITH PROCEDURAL ISSUES, SUCH AS HOW TO VOTE
AND WHERE TO PLACE THE HEADQUARTERS OF A NEW SECRETARIAT
THAT WILL MAP OUT NEW PLANS TO PROTECT THE EARTH'S
CLIMATE.
IN THE MEANTIME, SOME DELEGATIONS WERE GETTING UPSET.
THE ALLIANCE OF SMALL ISLAND STATES FEAR GLOBAL WARMING
WILL BRING A RISE IN SEA LEVELS, SWAMPING THEIR
COUNTRIES. I ASKED THE DEPUTY CHIEF OF THE DELEGATION
FROM THE MALDIVES, WHICH IS AN ALLIANCE MEMBER, HOW
THINGS WERE GOING. ABDULLAHI MAJEED WAS GLOOMY. HIS
COUNTRY IS FACED WITH POSSIBLE EXTINCTION AND A
16-MILLION DOLLAR CONFERENCE IS DEBATING RULES AND
REGULATIONS.
TAPE: CUT # 1 RUNS [:29]
"IF YOU ASK ME, I WOULD SAY THE CONFERENCE IS RATHER
SLOW BECAUSE AS FAR AS I KNOW, AFTER ONE WEEK OF
DELIBERATIONS, WE HAVE BEEN ONLY ABLE TO ADOPT THREE
PAPERS, WHICH IS RATHER SLOW. AS FAR AS I KNOW, WE HAVE
NOT EVEN ADOPTED THE RULES OF PROCEDURE. IN ANY
CONFERENCE, THERE SHOULD BE RULES OF PROCEDURE. I THINK
IF SMALL THINGS CAN BE HURDLES LIKE THIS, I DON'T KNOW
THE BIG ISSUES, HOW LONG IT WILL TAKE AND HOW MUCH TIME
WILL BE CONSUMED."
TEXT: HE WAS BEING POLITE. THE CONFERENCE HAD ITS FAIR SHARE
OF SO-CALLED NON-GOVERNMENTAL OBSERVERS, SUCH AS
BUSINESS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS WITH THEIR OWN
AGENDA. ONE OF THESE WAS GREENPEACE. A GREENPEACE
SPOKESMAN, FOUAD HAMDAN, TALKED TO ME AT ONE OF THE
RECEPTIONS OBSERVER GROUPS WERE HOLDING AND HE, TOO, WAS
ANGRY.
TAPE: CUT # 2 HAMDAN RUNS [:20]
"(HAYES): HOW DO YOU VIEW THE SITUATION HERE IN BERLIN
AT THE CONFERENCE RIGHT NOW? (HAMDAN): DELEGATES HERE
AT THE CLIMATE CONFERENCE IN BERLIN ARE WASTING THEIR
TIME IN USELESS DEBATES INSTEAD OF TALKING ABOUT THE
MAIN ISSUE; THAT IS, CUTTING C-O-2 (CARBON DIOXIDE)
EMISSIONS DRASTICALLY OVER THE NEXT TWO YEARS. INSTEAD,
THEY ARE JUST TALKING ABOUT RULES AND OTHER PROCEDURES
THAT ARE ABSOLUTELY UNIMPORTANT."
TEXT: THE CONFERENCE WAS MAKING SOME PROGRESS, BUT IT WAS
SLOW-GOING. IN THE FINAL DAYS IT WAS NOT UNCOMMON TO
SEE REPORTERS AND TECHNICIANS TAKING NAPS IN THEIR
OFFICES OR SIMPLY SLUMPING OVER TABLES AT THE CAFES
SCATTERED THROUGHOUT THE HUGE PRESS CENTER. IN THE END,
DELEGATES DID AGREE ON SOME RULES AND THEY SELECTED
BONN, GERMANY, AS THE NEW HOME OF THE SECRETARIAT THAT
WILL BECOME A FORMAL PART OF THE UNITED NATIONS
STRUCTURE. AND THEY DECIDED -- YOU GUESSED IT -- TO
HOLD ANOTHER CONFERENCE TWO YEARS FROM NOW. (SIGNED)
HOST: NEXT LET'S GO TO BARRY WOOD IN PRAGUE FOR HIS
OBSERVATIONS ON HOW THE COUNTRIES OF EAST AND CENTRAL
EUROPE ARE DEALING WITH THE PROBLEMS CAUSED BY FIVE
DECADES OF SOVIET-STYLE INDUSTRIALIZATION AND COMMUNIST
ENVIRONMENTAL NEGLECT:
TEXT: WHAT I NOTICE ABOUT PICTURES AND NEWSREELS BEING SHOWN
MARKING 50 YEARS SINCE THE END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR,
IS THAT THE BUILDINGS ARE STILL THERE -- AND ARE OFTEN
UNCHANGED EVEN TODAY. ONLY THE VEHICLES AND CLOTHING
MAKE THE PICTURES LOOK OLD. THE TOWN CENTERS, EXCEPT
WHERE DESTROYED BY WAR, ARE LARGELY UNCHANGED,
REFLECTING JUST HOW LITTLE COMMUNIST GOVERNMENTS
INVESTED IN MODERNIZATION. RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES AND
FACTORIES ALIKE WERE APPALLINGLY NEGLECTED. ANCIENT
HEATING SYSTEMS RELIED ON HEAVILY POLLUTING BROWN COAL,
WHOSE PUNGENT TRAILS OF BROWN SMOKE STILL RISE INTO THE
SKY THROUGHOUT EASTERN EUROPE. HERE IN THE CZECH
REPUBLIC, A DUTCH ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER SAYS THE WORST
POLLUTION IS IN PRAGUE--WHERE TRUCKS, BUSES AND COAL
FURNACES ARE THE PROBLEM--AND IN HEAVILY-INDUSTRIALIZED
NORTH BOHEMIA.
TAPE: CUT # 3 BLAST FURNACE NOISE RUNS [:25]
TEXT: AROUND THE TOWNS OF USTI NA LABEM AND TEPLICE, THERE ARE
SEVERAL COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS, HUNDREDS OF FACTORIES
AND MINES. THIS ENTIRE REGION, INCLUDING PARTS OF
EASTERN GERMANY AND SOUTHERN POLAND, IS KNOWN AS THE
BLACK TRIANGLE. HERE, LIFE EXPECTANCY IS BELOW THE
NATIONAL AVERAGE. THERE ARE HIGH INCIDENCES OF CANCER,
HEART ATTACK, AND RESPIRATORY ILLNESS. THE CZECHS ARE
ADDRESSING THE PROBLEM. FACTORIES HAVE BEEN GIVEN
INCENTIVES TO INSTALL ANTI-POLLUTION EQUIPMENT.
POLLUTING POWER PLANTS ARE BEING PHASED OUT. BUT THE
EXPERTS SAY AIR AND WATER QUALITY HAVE NOT YET
SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED. FARTHER SOUTH AND EAST THERE
ARE HORRIFIC PROBLEMS ALONG THE DANUBE RIVER, EUROPE'S
SECOND BIGGEST WATERWAY. AFTER THE DANUBE FLOWS EAST
FROM VIENNA, HUNGARIAN, YUGOSLAV, ROMANIAN, AND
BULGARIAN TOWNS DUMP THEIR SEWAGE INTO THE RIVER, WHICH
IS BADLY POLLUTED BY THE TIME IT REACHES ITS BLACK SEA
DELTA.
IN KRAKOW, POLAND, EXPERTS SAY TANGIBLE IMPROVEMENTS IN
AIR QUALITY ARE BEING REGISTERED. SCRUBBERS HAVE BEEN
PLACED ON THE GIANT SMOKESTAKS AT THE NOVA HUTA STEEL
FACILITY JUST OUTSIDE THE CITY. DETERIORATION TO THE
CITY'S ANCIENT BUILDINGS MAY HAVE BEEN SLOWED. AND THE
WORLD BANK, WHICH IS HEAVILY INVOLVED IN ENVIRONMENTAL
CLEANUP, SAYS THE AIR WILL START TO GET A LOT CLEANER
OVER THE NEXT YEAR. BUT IT IS A HUGE JOB, WHICH WILL
TAKE YEARS TO COMPLETE. (SIGNED?)
HOST: WEST AFRICA DOES NOT FACE THE SAME KINDS OF INDUSTRIAL
POLLUTION PROBLEMS AS EAST OR CENTRAL EUROPE, BUT
CORRESPONDENT PURNELL MURDOCK IN ABIDJAN, IVORY COAST,
SAYS THE REGION IS NOT WITHOUT ITS OWN SET OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS:
TAPE: CUT # 4 CITY STREET NOISES (UP AND UNDER, RUNS [:13]
TEXT: ABIDJAN IS THE COMMERCIAL CAPITAL OF IVORY COAST, AND IS
CALLED THE "PARIS OF WEST AFRICA." AND TRUE TO THAT
DISTINCTION, ABIDJAN HAS JUST ABOUT EVERYTHING YOU WOULD
EXPECT IN A THRIVING, COMMERCIAL CITY -- INCLUDING
POLLUTION. [ *] STANDING HERE ON THE SIDEWALK OUTSIDE MY
OFFICE I WATCH AS YOUNG MEN RUN UP AND DOWN THE STREET
CALLING OUT TO ATTRACT PRIVATE CARS FOR HIRE.
TAPE: CUT # 5 HORNS HONKING (SNEAK AT * ABOVE) RUNS
[:23]
TEXT: THERE ARE TAXIS AND BUSES HERE, OF COURSE, BUT THESE
PRIVATE CARS -- KNOWN AS WARA-WARAS -- WILL LOAD UP WITH
AS MANY PEOPLE AS CAN FIT INSIDE THEIR SMALL INTERIORS
AND TAKE THEM TO THEIR DESTINATIONS. THESE CARS ARE OLD
AND BROKEN DOWN. BUT LIKE IN MANY PLACES IN WEST
AFRICA, IVORIANS FIX AND REPAIR THEIR VEHICLES AND KEEP
THEM AS LONG AS THEY WILL RUN. AND AS YOU MIGHT
IMAGINE, THESE OLD AND BATTERED CARS AND BUSES SPEW
THICK AND UNHEALTHY EXHAUSTS, UNFILTERED BY CATALYTIC
CONVERTERS.
JUST UP THE SIDEWALK A BIT IS A LOCAL MAQUIS, OR OUTDOOR
EATING PLACE. AS I WALK ALONG THE SIDEWALK I HAVE TO
TAKE A DETOUR INTO THE STREET TO AVOID THE YOUNG WOMEN
WHO SET UP THEIR GRILLS AND EATING TABLES ALONG THE
SIDEWALK. DURING THE EARLY-MORNING HOURS THE AIR AROUND
THE MAQUIS IS FILLED WITH THE DELICIOUS AROMA OF ALLOCO
-- OR FRIED PLAINTAIN -- FRIED FISH AND BREAD. BUT BY
THE END OF THE DAY THAT AROMA IS REPLACED BY THE SMELL
OF GARBAGE LEFT BEHIND AFTER THE MAQUIS CLOSES.
THIS IS ABIDJAN. BUT WHAT ABOUT OTHER COUNTRIES AND
CITIES IN THE REGION? WHEN I VISITED LAGOS, THE CAPITAL
OF NIGERIA, I NOTICED MANY OF THE SAME POLLUTION
PROBLEMS COMPOUNDED BY THE FACT THERE ARE FAR MORE
PEOPLE. WITH MILLIONS OF VEHICLES, VITUALLY NON-STOP
TRAFFIC AND NO EMMISSION CONTROLS, LAGOS HAS ONE OF THE
WORST POLLUTION PROBLEMS ON THE AFRICAN CONTINENT. TRASH
ACCUMULATES AROUND MANY STREET CORNERS AND THE MANY
LAGOONS ARE STAGNANT POOLS OF POLLUTION.
RECENTLY, I SPENT SEVERAL WEEKS IN FREETOWN, SIERRA
LEONE, AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT STRUCK ME WAS THE
OPEN SEWERS. ON SEVERAL OCCASIONS I ALSO SAW HUGE
BILLOWS OF SMOKE WHERE TRASH WAS BEING BURNED. THESE
CITIES SHARE MANY OF THE SAME ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND
ALSO SHARE AN IDEA FOR DEALING WITH THEM. ON THE FIRST
SATURDAY OF EVERY MONTH, NIGERIA AND SIERRA LEONE HAVE A
"NATIONAL CLEAN-UP DAY." NO ONE IS ALLOWED ON THE
STREETS UNTIL MID-DAY TO GIVE EACH CITIZEN A CHANCE TO
CLEAN UP.
TAPE: CUT 6 PEOPLE WASHING CLOTHING (UP AND UNDER TO
CLOSE) RUNS [:54]
TEXT: BACK IN ABIDJAN, I VISITED THE CITY'S LARGEST
OPEN-WATER WASHING AREA. THERE ARE MORE THAN 100 PEOPLE
HERE, SCRUBBING AND SLAPPING CLOTHING ON HUGE RUBBER
TIRES AND BIG ROCKS. THERE ARE SOAP SUDS EVERYWHERE AND
ONE CAN ONLY IMAGINE HOW THIS HAS AFFECTED THE WATER
SUPPLY. JUST AS THESE PEOPLE HERE HAVE FOUND A WAY TO
CLEAN THEIR CLOTHING, HOPEFULLY GOVERNMENTS WILL FIND
BETTER WAYS TO CLEAN UP THE ENVIRONMENT. (SIGNED)
HOST: HALF A WORLD AWAY, THE ASIAN PEOPLE AND THEIR CULTURES
MAY BE VERY DIFFERENT FROM WEST AFRICA, BUT
ENVIRONMENTALLY, THERE ARE MANY OF THE SAME PROBLEMS.
OUR NEXT REPORT IS FROM CORRESPONDENT STEPHANIE HO IN
ONE OF THE MOST POPULOUS CAPITALS OF THE WORLD: BEIJING:
TEXT: SHORTLY AFTER I ARRIVED IN BEIJING, I READ THAT THE FIVE
WORST CITIES IN THE WORLD IN TERMS OF PARTICULATE
EMISSIONS -- THE CONCENTRATION OF PARTICLES IN THE AIR
-- ARE IN CHINA. AS THE COUNTRY CONTINUES TO MODERNIZE
AND AS THE ONE-POINT-TWO BILLION POPULATION CONTINUES TO
GROW, THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ARE SURE TO WORSEN. I
FOUND BEIJING A VERY DUSTY CITY. FEROCIOUS WINDS FROM
THE NORTH BLOW FINE YELLOW PARTICLES FROM MONGOLIA'S
GOBI DESERT SWIRLING DOWN INTO THE CHINESE CAPITAL.
ANYTHING LEFT OUTSIDE IS INSTANTLY COVERED WITH A LAYER
OF DUST. THE DUST IS SO FINE, IT COMES IN THROUGH
CLOSED WINDOWS AND COATS ALL EXPOSED SURFACES INSIDE
TOO. ON PARTICULARLY SEVERE DAYS, A YELLOW MIST
OBSCURES THE SKY AND TURNS THE SUN A WHITISH-BLUE COLOR.
FURTHER ADDING TO THE EERIE SCENE, LOCALS PROTECT
THEMSELVES BY WEARING SHEER MESH SCARVES AROUND THEIR
HEADS. IN RECENT YEARS, THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT HAS HELD
ANNUAL CAMPAIGNS TO PLANT MORE TREES IN AND AROUND
BEIJING AS A BUFFER FROM THE WIND AND DUST. HOWEVER,
JUST AS QUICKLY AS TREES ARE PLANTED IN SOME PLACES,
TREES IN OTHER PARTS OF TOWN ARE REMOVED -- TO MAKE ROOM
FOR MORE BUILDINGS OR WIDER ROADS.
TAPE: CUT # 7 CONSTRUCTION SOUNDS/HAMMERING RUNS [:20]
TEXT: CONSTRUCTION IN EVERY PART OF TOWN FURTHER EXACERBATES
THE DUST PROBLEM. AT NIGHT I ALWAYS SEE TRUCKS FULL OF
DIRT RUMBLE BY, CRISS-CROSSING THE CITY. I WONDER WHERE
IS ALL THIS DIRT COMING FROM AND WHERE ARE THEY TAKING
IT? EVEN AT MIDNIGHT I CAN LOOK OUT THE WINDOW AND SEE
THE FLOODLIGHTS OF AN ALL-NIGHT CONSTRUCTION SITE.
TAPE: CUT # 8 TRUCKS (UP AND UNDER) RUNS [:19]
TEXT: ON TOP OF ALL THIS, BEIJING THIS YEAR IS EXPERIENCING
THE WORST DROUGHT IN 100 YEARS, ACCORDING TO OFFICIAL
REPORTS. LESS WATER MEANS LESS GREENERY, WHICH MEANS OF
COURSE, MORE DUST. BUT COAL SMOKE IS THE MOST SERIOUS
THREAT TO HEALTH IN BEIJING, WHERE THERE ARE THOUSANDS
OF SMOKESTACKS. HIGH-SULFUR COAL IS THE MAIN SOURCE OF
HEAT FOR MOST PEOPLE IN CHINA AND IN THE CAPITAL, WHERE
THE WINTERS ARE BITTERLY COLD, THE COAL STOVES AND
HEATERS TEND TO BURN AROUND THE CLOCK. I HEAR PEOPLE
HACKING AND WHEEZING, CHRONICALLY SICK FROM BREATHING
COAL SMOKE FOR SO LONG. I WAS THOROUGHLY AMAZED AND
DISTRESSED WHEN I WATCHED A FRIEND OF MINE RECENTLY
DISMANTLE THE SMALL COAL STOVE HE USES IN HIS HOME FOR
HEAT DURING THE WINTER. THE INSIDE OF THE STOVE PIPE
WAS ENCRUSTED WITH A BRIGHT AND SICKLY YELLOW COLORED
COAT OF GUNK (MATTER) - THE SULFUR RESIDUE. IF IT
LEAVES THAT KIND OF A MESS ON PIPES, I COULD ONLY
IMAGINE WHAT IT DOES TO PEOPLE'S LUNGS. (SIGNED)
HOST: GOING NOW TO NEW DELHI, I ASKED CORRESPONDENT MICHAEL
DRUDGE TO TELL US ABOUT SOME OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
FACING THE INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT:
TEXT: IT LOOKS LIKE WE ARE HEADED FOR ANOTHER LONG, HOT SUMMER
IN NEW DELHI. AND TEMPERS ARE FRAYING ALREADY. POLICE
OPENED FIRED ON A STONE-THROWING MOB IN NORTHWEST DELHI
JUST THE OTHER DAY. THE MELEE LEFT FOUR DEMONSTRATORS
SHOT AND FOUR POLICEMEN INJURED. THE CROWD WAS
PROTESTING WATER AND POWER CUTS. NEW DELHI RESIDENTS
COMPLAIN THAT INDIA'S ONCE GRACEFUL CAPITAL OF
TREE-LINED AVENUES AND RED SANDSTONE MONUMENTS IS
BECOMING AN UNLIVABLE HELLHOLE. IN THE SUMMER, THE
OVER-STRAINED POWER GRID COLLAPSES FOR HOURS AS
TEMPERATURES SOAR PAST 40 DEGREES CELSIUS. IN THE
WINTER, A CHOKING SMOG BLANKETS THE CITY AS THE POOR
BURN COW DUNG FIRES FOR WARMTH. THE WORLD HEALTH
ORGANIZATION LISTS NEW DELHI AS ONE THE WORLD'S TEN MOST
POLLUTED CITIES. THE CAPITAL IS HOME TO MORE THAN
10-MILLION RESIDENTS AND NEARLY TWO-AND-ONE-HALF MILLION
VEHICLES.
TAPE: CUT # 9 AUTO-RICKSHAW SOUND RUNS [:33]
TEXT: AMONG THE CHEAPEST FORMS OF TRANSPORT IS THE UBIQUITOUS
AUTO-RICKSHAW. LIKE MECHANICAL WATER-BUGS DARTING
AROUND TO ALL CORNERS OF THE CITY, THEY RUN ON
TWO-STROKE ENGINES THAT BELCH A NOXIOUS EXHAUST. AFTER
A CROSS-TOWN RIDE, PASSENGERS OFTEN COMPLAIN OF HEADACHE
AND DROWSINESS FROM INHALING TOO MUCH CARBON MONOXIDE.
BUT IF THE POLLUTION DOES NOT KILL YOU, MAYBE A CRASH
WILL. ROAD ACCIDENTS CLAIM MORE THAN 17-HUNDRED LIVES
EVERY YEAR IN NEW DELHI.
ANOTHER TOXIC BREW IS CONCOCTED IN THE YAMUNA RIVER, A
DUMP FOR RAW SEWAGE BUT ALSO THE CITY'S SOURCE OF
DRINKING WATER. MILLIONS MUST DRINK UNTREATED WATER AND
EVERY YEAR TENS OF THOUSANDS OF THEM COME DOWN WITH
PARASITES, CHOLERA OR A HOST OF OTHER WATER-BORNE
DISEASES. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IS DONE HAPHAZARDLY.
THERE IS NO ORGANIZED MUNICIPAL GARBAGE COLLECTION,
THOUGH THE CITY WENT ON A BRIEF CLEANUP BINGE AFTER LAST
YEAR'S PLAGUE OUTBREAK. BUT THINGS ARE BACK TO NORMAL
NOW. COWS MUNCH UP THE BIODEGRADABLE STUFF AFTER PEOPLE
CALLED RAG-PICKERS SIFT OUT THE RECYCLABLE TIDBITS.
FACING ALL THESE PROBLEMS, THE OFFICIAL RESPONSE APPEARS
FEEBLE. DECADES BEHIND OTHER COUNTRIES, THE GOVERNMENT
HAS ORDERED NEW VEHICLES SOLD AFTER APRIL FIRST TO BE
FITTED WITH POLLUTION-CONTROL DEVICES AND EQUIPPED TO
RUN ON LEAD-FREE GASOLINE (PETROL). BUT THE REGULATIONS
DO NOT APPLY TO BUSES AND AUTO-RICKSHAWS, WHICH ARE
AMONG THE WORST POLLUTERS. (SIGNED).
HOST: IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE, THE COUNTRIES OF CENTRAL AND
SOUTH AMERICA HAVE THEIR OWN SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS, AS WE HEAR FROM CORRESPONDENT ROGER WILKISON
IN RIO DE JANEIRO:
TAPE: CUT # 10 FORREST SOUNDS W/BIRDS (UP AND UNDER)
RUNS [:25]
TEXT: I AM SITTING AT THE EMPEROR'S TABLE HIGH IN THE TIJUCA
FOREST OVERLOOKING RIO DE JANEIRO. IT IS CALLED THE
EMPEROR'S TABLE BECAUSE, IN THE LAST CENTURY, BRAZIL'S
IMPERIAL FAMILY USED TO COME UP HERE TO GET AWAY FROM
MUGGY WEATHER IN THE CITY AND HAVE PICNICS.
TAPE: CUT # 11 RAIN SOUNDS (UP, UNDER AND SNEAK UP AT
*) RUNS [:33]
TEXT: TIJUCA IS A PROTECTED FOREST, AND CITY-DWELLERS COME UP
HERE ON THE WEEKENDS TO HIKE OR JOG OR SIMPLY TAKE A
COLD SHOWER IN ONE OF THE MANY WATERFALLS. [PAUSE * ]
BUT NOT ALL OF BRAZIL'S FORESTS HAVE BEEN SO LUCKY.
EVERYBODY HAS HEARD ABOUT THE PLIGHT OF THE AMAZON RAIN
FOREST AND HOW TREES HAVE BEEN CUT DOWN AND HOW THAT
ENDANGERS SPECIES OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS.
BRAZIL, LIKE MUCH OF LATIN AMERICA, HAS TO WALK A FINE
LINE BETWEEN THE NEED TO PROTECT ITS ENVIRONMENT AND THE
NEED TO EXPLOIT ITS NATURAL RESOURCES AND DEVELOP ITS
ECONOMY. IT IS NOT ONLY DEFORESTATION FOR AGRICULTURE
THAT HAS CAUSED ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION BUT ALSO
LOGGING AND MINING AND CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS AND
AIRFIELDS. LEGIONS OF GOLD PROSPECTORS HAVE DUMPED
MERCURY INTO THE STREAMS AND RIVERS OF AMAZONIA, KILLING
FISH AND ENDANGERING THE ECOSYSTEM AND THE HEALTH OF
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES.
I TRACKED DOWN JOSE [JOE-ZAY] LUTZENBERGER, ONE OF
BRAZIL'S FOREMOST ENVIRONMENTALISTS, IN A CROWDED
RESTAURANT. HE BLAMES MUCH OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION IN BRAZIL ON SOCIAL INJUSTICE.
TAPE: CUT # 12 LUTZENBERGER RUNS [:29]
"WHY IS IT THAT MIGRANT FARMERS INVADE THE LAST
REMAINING WILDERNESS IN AMAZONIA AND OTHER REGIONS IN
BRAZIL? WHY IS IT THAT WE HAVE ALL THE GOLD MINERS IN
AMAZONIA INVADING INDIAN TERRITORIES AND SO ON?
BECAUSE THESE PEOPLE WERE MARGINALIZED. THEY WERE
UPROOTED IN THEIR HOME REGIONS BY THE GREEN REVOLUTION.
AND WHEN WE SAY THAT MODERN AGRICULTURE IS SO EFFICIENT,
(BUT) NOBODY ACCOUNTS FOR THIS INCREDIBLE (SOCIAL) COST.
TAPE: CUT # 13 SOUND OF RAIN (UP AND UNDER) RUNS [:30]
TEXT: A LIGHT RAIN HAS BEGUN TO FALL UP HERE AT THE EMPEROR'S
TABLE. DOWN BELOW AND IN CITIES ALL OVER BRAZIL AND
SOUTH AMERICA, THE RUSH HOUR IS BEGINNING, WITH MOTOR
VEHICLES CLOGGING THE STREETS. THE AIR IS OFTEN
UNBREATHABLE, AND NOT JUST BECAUSE OF THE TRAFFIC BUT
ALSO BECAUSE OF THE NOXIOUS FUMES EMITTED BY INDUSTRIAL
PLANTS.
BUT SOLUTIONS CAN BE FOUND IF THERE IS A WILL. CUBATAO,
AN INDUSTRIAL CITY NEAR SAO PAULO, WAS KNOWN TEN YEARS
AGO AS THE VALLEY OF DEATH. IT WAS THE MOST POLLUTED
PLACE IN SOUTH AMERICA. A GIGANTIC EFFORT BY GOVERNMENT,
BUSINESS AND LABOR, AND LOTS OF MONEY, TURNED THE PLACE
AROUND. IT HAS NOT BEEN TOTALLY CLEANED UP, BUT BLUE
SKIES ARE BACK, THE AIR QUALITY HAS IMPROVED AND GREEN
HAS RETURNED TO THE SURROUNDING HILLSIDES. (SIGNED)
HOST: FINALLY WE GO TO CALIFORNIA AND CORRESPONDENT GREG
FLAKUS IN LOS ANGELES -- A PLACE ONE MIGHT CHARACTERIZE
AS ON THE OPPOSITE END OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL SPECTRUM.
MANY OF THE INNOVATIONS FOR CLEANING UP THE AIR, WATER
AND NATURE ADOPTED IN THE UNITED STATES AND ELSEWHERE
HAD THEIR BEGINNINGS IN CALIFORNIA:
TAPE: CUT # 14 RESTAURANT NOISE RUNS [:30]
TEXT: WHEN PEOPLE SIT DOWN TO EAT IN LOS ANGELES THESE DAYS,
THEY DO NOT HAVE TO SPECIFY THAT THEY WANT A NO-SMOKING
AREA, BECAUSE SMOKING IS NOW PROHIBITED IN ALL
RESTAURANTS. THIS IDEA IS NOW SPREADING TO OTHER AREAS
OF THE COUNTRY, DRIVEN BY CONCERNS OVER HEALTH RISKS
POSED BY SO-CALLED "SECOND-HAND SMOKE". A RECENT STUDY
HERE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA-LOS ANGELES
REVEALED THAT SUCH SMOKE IS ACTUALLY MORE HARMFUL TO
NON-SMOKERS THAN IT IS TO THE PEOPLE WHO ARE ACTUALLY
DOING THE SMOKING.
THE VAST FREEWAY SYSTEM HERE ALSO REPRESENTS A CHALLENGE
BECAUSE OF ALL THE AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST THAT CONTAMINATES
THE AIR, BUT, ON THE OTHER HAND, THERE IS SUPPORT HERE
FOR EFFORTS AIMED AT IMPROVING ENGINE EFFICIENCY AND AT
GETTING OLDER, POLLUTION-BELCHING VEHICLES OFF THE ROAD.
AS A RESULT OF THESE EFFORTS, THE AIR QUALITY IN THE
LOS ANGELES BASIN HAS ACTUALLY IMPROVED OVER THE LAST
DECADE, EVEN AS THE POPULATION HAS GROWN.
WHERE I LIVE, IN THE BEAUTIFUL SUBURBAN CITY OF THOUSAND
OAKS, GREAT CARE HAS BEEN TAKEN TO CONSERVE OPEN SPACES
FOR WILDLIFE. I OFTEN SEE COYOTES, HAWKS AND WILD CATS
IN THE HILLS NEAR MY HOUSE. BUT HAVING NATURE NEAR CAN
POSE PROBLEMS -- COYOTES HAVE KILLED SOME PEOPLE'S PETS
AND HAVE EVEN ATTACKED SMALL CHILDREN IN SOME PARTS OF
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. ANOTHER PROBLEM HAS ARISEN WITH
MOUNTAIN LIONS, LARGE PREDATORS THAT CAN WEIGH AS MUCH
AS 70 KILOGRAMS. A LAW PASSED HERE IN CALIFORNIA A FEW
YEARS AGO OUTLAWED HUNTING OF THESE MAGNIFICENT BEASTS,
BUT INCIDENTS OF MOUNTAIN LIONS ATTACKING HUMANS AND
THEIR PETS ARE NOW ON THE INCREASE. WITHIN THE PAST
YEAR, THE BIG CATS KILLED TWO PEOPLE. STILL, MOST
CALIFORNIANS BLAME HUMANKIND'S ENCROACHMENT ON THE
NATURAL RANGE OF THESE ANIMALS AND STILL SUPPORT EFFORTS
TO PROTECT THEM FROM HUNTING.
WHAT PEOPLE HERE, AND IN OTHER PARTS OF THE UNITED
STATES, ARE TRYING TO DO IS COME UP WITH A WAY TO
ACCOMMODATE THE EVER-INCREASING NEEDS OF CIVILIZED
SOCIETY AND A GROWING POPULATION WHILE, AT THE SAME
TIME, MAINTAINING THE NATURAL WORLD THAT WE NOT ONLY
ENJOY, BUT NEED FOR OUR VERY SURVIVAL. (SIGNED)
HOST: TODAY, REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK HAS CIRCLED THE GLOBE TO HEAR
FROM SEVEN OF OUR CORRESPONDENTS ABOUT SOME OF THE MORE
PRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AS WE MARK THE 25TH
ANNIVERSARY OF INTERNATIONAL EARTH DAY. I'M PAMELA
TAYLOR, INVITING YOU TO JOIN US AT THIS TIME EACH WEEK
WHEN ONE OR MORE VOA REPORTERS TAKE US BEHIND THE SCENES
OF COVERING THE NEWS FOR VOA. REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK WAS
PRODUCED BY ___________________ AND DIRECTED BY
__________________.
PROMO: NEXT WEEK, REPORTER'S NOTEBOOK WILL FEATURE A REPORT
FROM WHITE HOUSE CORRSPONDENT DEBORAH TATE ON EFFORTS TO
MAKE THE PRESIDENT'S HOME MORE SECURE YET ACCESSABLE TO
THE PUBLIC. THEN WE WILL HEAR FROM PENTAGON
CORRESPONDENT DAVID SWANN ON WHAT IT'S LIKE TO TRAVEL
WITH THE U-S SECRETARY OF STATE.
NEB/PAM/PCH
19-Apr-95 4:30 PM EDT (2030 UTC)
NNNN
Source: Voice of America
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voa.198usisbel,
DATE=4/19/95
TYPE=CLOSEUP
NUMBER=4-08268
TITLE=THE OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING
BYLINE=DEBORAH COOPER/ADAM PHILLIPS
TELEPHONE=619-1874
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=PHIL HAYNES
CONTENT=(VOICER & INSERTS AVAILABLE IN ENGLISH BUBBLE WEDNESDAY.
ON S-O-D THURSDAY)
INTRO: AN ANGRY PRESIDENT CLINTON CALLED THE PEOPLE RESPONSIBLE
FOR WEDNESDAY'S BOMB ATTACK ON A FEDERAL BUILDING IN
OKLAHOMA CITY, OKLAHOMA, "EVIL COWARDS" AND PROMISED
SWIFT AND SEVERE JUSTICE. MORE THAN 500 U-S GOVERNMENT
EMPLOYEES WERE ASSIGNED TO THE BUILDING WHICH WAS TORN
APART IN THE WEDNESDAY MORNING EXPLOSION THAT KILLED
_________AND WOUNDED ____________. VOA'S __________
REPORTS THAT MR. CLINTON IS DEPLOYING A CRISIS
MANAGEMENT TEAM UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE FEDERAL
BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (FBI) TO FIND THE PERPETRATORS
AND TO ASSIST THE VICTIMS OF THE BOMB ATTACK.
TEXT: THE PRESIDENT OUTLINED THE EXTRAORDINARY STEPS THE
CRISIS MANAGEMENT TEAM IS TAKING TO HELP THE PEOPLE OF
OKLAHOMA CITY AND TRACK DOWN, WHAT HE CALLED, THE
"KILLERS" OF "INNOCENT CHILDREN AND DEFENSELESS
CITIZENS."
TAPE: CUT ONE - CLINTON
"THE UNITED STATES WILL NOT TOLERATE AND I WILL NOT
ALLOW THE PEOPLE OF THIS COUNTRY TO BE INTIMIDATED BY
EVIL COWARDS. I HAVE MET WITH OUR TEAM WHICH WE
ASSEMBLED TO DEAL WITH THIS BOMBING AND I AM DETERMINED
TO TAKE THE FOLLOWING STEPS: FIRST, I HAVE DEPLOYED A
CRISIS MANAGEMENT TEAM UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF THE
F-B-I, WORKING WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, THE
BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO AND FIREARMS, MILITARY AND
LOCAL AUTHORITIES. WE ARE SENDING THE WORLD'S FINEST
INVESTIGATORS TO SOLVE THESE MURDERS. SECOND, I HAVE
DECLARED AN EMERGENCY IN OKLAHOMA CITY. THIRD, WE ARE
TAKING EVERY PRECAUTION TO REASSURE AND PROTECT PEOPLE
WHO WORK IN OR LIVE NEAR OTHER FEDERAL FACILITIES."
TEXT: SHORTLY AFTER THE OKLAHOMA BOMBING, BOMB THREATS FORCED
EVACUATIONS OF FEDERAL BUILDINGS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY.
BUT U-S ATTORNEY GENERAL JANET RENO INDICATED NO BOMBS
WERE FOUND AT THE OTHER GOVERNMENT FACILITIES. MS. RENO
SAID THE F-B-I HAS ESTABLISHED A 24-HOUR COMMAND POST IN
OKLAHOMA CITY AND WILL, ALONG WITH THE REST OF THE LAW
ENFORCEMENT COMMUNITY, PURSUE EVERY LEAD IN AN EFFORT TO
BRING THOSE RESPONSIBLE TO JUSTICE.
TAPE: CUT TWO - RENO
"WE CANNOT TELL HOW LONG IT WILL BE BEFORE WE CAN SAY
WITH CERTAINTY WHAT OCCURRED AND WHO IS RESPONSIBLE. BUT
WE WILL FIND THE PERPETRATORS AND WE WILL BRING THEM TO
JUSTICE."
TEXT: THE ATTORNEY GENERAL WOULD NOT COMMENT ON ANY ACTION
BEING TAKEN BY LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICIALS, BUT SHE SAID
EVERY LEAD AND EVERY SHRED OF EVIDENCE IS BEING PURSUED.
MS. RENO CONFIRMED THAT THE GOVERNMENT OF ISRAEL HAS
OFFERED ITS HELP IN TRACKING DOWN THE PERPETRATORS
BECAUSE OF ITS VAST EXPERIENCE WITH THIS SORT OF ATTACK.
SHE INDICATED THAT HELP MIGHT BE USED.
TAPE: CUT THREE - RENO
"WE WILL, OF COURSE, RELY ON ANY ADDITIONAL RESOURCE
THAT CAN POSSIBLY BE INVOLVED AND UTILIZED APPROPRIATELY
IN BRINGING THESE PEOPLE TO JUSTICE."
TEXT: THE ATTORNEY GENERAL REFUSED TO CHARACTERIZE THE BOMB
EXPLOSION AS TERRORISM, ALTHOUGH MOST OBSERVERS BELIEVE
THE ATTACK WAS THE WORK OF TERRORISTS. BRIAN JENKINS, OF
THE INTERNATIONAL INVESTIGATIVE AND SECURITY FIRM, KROLL
ASSOCIATES, IS AN EXPERT ON WORLD TERRORISM.
TAPE: CUT FOUR - JENKINS
"TERRORISM IS BASICALLY THE USE OF VIOLENCE OR THREAT OF
VIOLENCE IN ORDER TO CREATE AN ATMOSPHERE OF FEAR AND
ALARM. IT'S OFTEN WHERE THERE IS A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
THE ACTUAL VICTIM AND THE TARGET OF THE TERRORIST
ACTIONS. THAT IS, BLOWING UP INNOCENT BYSTANDERS IN
ORDER TO PUT PRESSURE ON ANOTHER PARTY, A GOVERNMENT OR
SOMEONE ELSE."
TEXT: MR. JENKINS SAYS THAT THERE IS SOMETIMES AN APPARENT
SIMILARITY BETWEEN THE INDISCRIMINATE VIOLENCE THAT
KILLS CIVILIANS IN WARS BETWEEN STATES, AND TERRORIST
VIOLENCE COMMITTED BY PERSONS OR GROUPS.
TAPE: CUT FIVE -JENKINS
"THAT'S WHY IT HAS BEEN DIFFICULT, IN SOME CASES, TO GET
UNIVERSAL AGREEMENT ON COMBATTING TERRORISM ITSELF,
PARTICULARLY WHEN WE'RE TALKING ABOUT THE USE OF BOMBS.
BUT EVEN IN WAR, THERE ARE RULES. THERE ARE RULES THAT
PROHIBIT THE TAKING OF HOSTAGES, THERE ARE RULES THAT,
AT LEAST THEORETICALLY, PROHIBIT VIOLENCE AGAINST
CIVILIAN NONCOMBATANTS. THESE ARE SOMETIMES VIOLATED IN
THE COURSE OF WAR. BUT GENERALLY, WITH TERRORISTS, THOSE
ARE THE SPECIFIC TARGETS. AND I THINK IT IS POSSIBLE TO
MAKE A DISTINCTION BETWEEN SAY, A BOMB HITTING WHAT IS A
LEGITIMATE MILITARY TARGET, AND A BOMB BLOWING UP A CAFE
OR A SCHOOL BUS."
TEXT: THE OKLAHOMA CITY ATTACK IS BEING COMPARED TO THE
BOMBING OF NEW YORK'S WORLD TRADE CENTER TWO YEARS AGO.
TAPE: CUT SIX - SIMON
"WHEN WE HAD THE WORLD TRADE CENTER BOMBING, IT SHOWED
THAT AMERICA CANNOT REMAIN INVULNERABLE TO TERRORISM."
TEXT: JEFFREY SIMON IS THE AUTHOR OF THE "TERRORIST TRAP."
TAPE: CUT SEVEN - SIMON
"BUT A LOT OF PEOPLE, AS TIME WENT ON, TENDED TO DISMISS
THAT ATTACK AS A HIGHLY SYMBOLIC ATTACK A FINANCIAL
INSTITUTION, AGAINST NEW YORK CITY, AGAINST BASIC
GOVERNMENT TYPE OF TARGETS. AND NOW WE'RE SEEING IT GO
INTO THE HEARTLAND OF AMERICA."
TEXT: THE HEARTLAND OF AMERICA, SAYS JEFFREY SIMON, IS VERY
VULNERABLE TO THIS KIND OF ATTACK.
TAPE: CUT EIGHT - SIMON
"WE DIDN'T HAVE THE SAME TYPE AND LEVEL OF PHYSICAL
SECURITY THAT YOU WOULD HAVE IN OTHER BUILDINGS. AND FOR
THE TERRORISTS, IT CREATES THE REACTION THAT WE'RE
SEEING RIGHT NOW OF A NATIONAL EMERGENCY THROUGH A
SINGLE BOMB. BUT THE PROBLEM IS, YOU CAN'T HAVE ONE
HUNDRED PERCENT SECURITY AGAINST TERRORISTS. THAT'S
ALWAYS BEEN ONE OF THE TERRORISTS' ADVANTAGES. SO
UNFORTUNATELY, THE OKLAHOMA BOMBING IS NOT GOING TO BE
THE LAST OF THAT TYPE THAT WE SEE IN THIS COUNTRY."
TEXT: FOR THE OKLAHOMA BOMBING, ATTORNEY GENERAL RENO WANTED
TO ASSURE THE AMERICAN PUBLIC THAT THE PUNISHMENT FOR
THOSE FOUND GUILTY WOULD BE SEVERE.
TAPE: CUT NINE - RENO
"THOSE WHO MALICIOUSLY DAMAGE OR DESTROY A FEDERAL
BUILDING, IF DEATH OCCURS, THE DEATH PENALTY IS
AVAILABLE AND WE WILL SEEK IT."
TEXT: AND PRESIDENT CLINTON CALLED UPON THE AMERICAN PEOPLE TO
PRAY.
TAPE: CUT TEN - CLINTON
"TO PRAY FOR THE PEOPLE WHO LOST THEIR LIVES, FAMILIES
AND FRIENDS, FOR THE DEAD AND WOUNDED, FOR THE PEOPLE OF
OKLAHOMA CITY. MAY GOD'S GRACE BE WITH THEM. MEANWHILE,
WE WILL BE ABOUT OUR WORK."
TEXT: THAT WAS PRESIDENT BILL CLINTON. (SIGNED)
NEB/DC/AP/PCH
19-Apr-95 8:12 PM EDT (0012 UTC)
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voa.199usisbel,
DATE= APRIL 20, 1995
TYPE= EDITORIAL
NUMBER= 0-06340
TITLE= PEN AWARDS
CONTENT=THIS IS THE ONLY EDITORIAL BEING RELEASED FOR BROADCAST
APRIL 20, 1995.
ANNCR:
THE VOICE OF AMERICA PRESENTS DIFFERING POINTS OF VIEW ON A WIDE
VARIETY OF ISSUES. NEXT, AN EDITORIAL REFLECTING AMERICAN IDEALS
AND INSTITUTIONS.
VOICE:
THIS MONTH, THE AMERICAN BRANCH OF THE WRITERS' GROUP PEN
INTERNATIONAL HONORED TWO IMPRISONED WRITERS FOR THEIR COMMITMENT
TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION. SAN SAN NWEH [SAN SAN WHERE] IS A
BURMESE WOMAN WHO HAS WRITTEN MORE THAN FIVE-HUNDRED SHORT
STORIES. SHE IS ALSO THE AUTHOR OF THE ACCLAIMED NOVEL, PRISON
OF DARKNESS, WHICH IS CRITICAL OF MANY ASPECTS OF BURMESE
SOCIETY. SAN SAN NWEH WAS ARRESTED LAST AUGUST FOR HER ALLEGED
ANTI-GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES AND HER SUPPORT OF JAILED 1990 NOBEL
PEACE PRIZE WINNER AUNG SAN SUU KYI. MAUREEN AUNG-THWIN
[AUN-TWIN] ACCEPTED THE PEN AWARD ON BEHALF OF SAN SAN NWEH. SHE
SAYS SHE HOPES THE AWARD WILL FOCUS ATTENTION ON THE PLIGHT OF
SAN SAN NWEH. SHE SAYS, "THE PEOPLE INSIDE [BURMA] NEED TO KNOW
ABOUT WHAT IS GOING ON IN THEIR OWN COUNTRY."
ANOTHER PEN AWARD RECIPIENT IS THE DISTINGUISHED CUBAN
JOURNALIST AND POET INDAMIRO RESTANO. IN 1992, HE WAS SENTENCED
TO TEN YEARS IN PRISON. THE CHARGES AGAINST HIM STEM FROM HIS
ACTIVITIES AS FOUNDER AND PRESIDENT OF THE MOVEMENT FOR HARMONY,
AN OPPOSITION GROUP THAT HAS CALLED FOR THE RELEASE OF ALL
POLITICAL PRISONERS AND AN END TO CUBA'S ONE-PARTY RULE. PEN HAS
MADE MANY ATTEMPTS TO GET MR. RESTANO FREED FROM PRISON. THE
ORGANIZATION HAS SENT SEVERAL LETTERS TO THE CUBAN GOVERNMENT BUT
HAS NEVER RECEIVED A REPLY. PEN HOPES THAT ITS AWARD WILL BRING
ADDITIONAL PRESSURE ON THE CASTRO REGIME TO RELEASE MR. RESTANO.
THROUGH ITS AWARDS, PEN SEEKS TO BRING WORLDWIDE ATTENTION TO
POETS, PLAYWRIGHTS, ESSAYISTS, EDITORS AND NOVELISTS WHO ARE
FIGHTING FOR THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION. BOTH SAN SAN
NWEH OF BURMA AND INDAMIRO RESTANO OF CUBA EXEMPLIFY THE
COURAGEOUS SPIRIT OF WOMEN AND MEN EVERYWHERE WHO REFUSE TO LET
THEIR VOICES BE SILENCED BY OPPRESSION.
ANNCR:
THAT WAS AN EDITORIAL REFLECTING AMERICAN IDEALS AND
INSTITUTIONS. IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO BE HEARD ON THIS ISSUE,
PLEASE WRITE TO EDITORIALS, VOICE OF AMERICA, WASHINGTON, D-C,
20547, U-S-A. YOU MAY ALSO SEND US A FAX AT (202) 619-1043.
YOUR COMMENTS MAY BE USED ON THE AIR.
19-Apr-95 3:06 PM EDT (1906 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.200usisbel,
DATE=4/19/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177228
TITLE= U-N/YUGO (L ONLY)
BYLINE= DOUGLAS ROBERTS
DATELINE= GENEVA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: A U-N MONITORING GROUP HAS AGAIN CERTIFIED THAT
YUGOSLAVIA IS HONORING ITS PLEDGE TO SEVER POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC
LINKS WITH THE SERBS OF NEIGHBORING BOSNIA. VOA'S DOUGLAS
ROBERTS IN GENEVA REPORTS QUESTIONS REMAIN ABOUT SOME UNEXPLAINED
HELICOPTER FLIGHTS ACROSS THE BORDER EARLIER THIS MONTH.
TEXT: THE APPARENT HELICOPTER FLIGHTS WERE OBSERVED BY U-N
MONITORS MANNING RADAR SCREENS AT AN AIRPORT NEAR BELGRADE DURING
THE FIRST WEEK IN APRIL.
THE MONITORS REPORTED 25 SLOW MOVING AIRCRAFT TRAVELLING FROM
BOSNIA INTO YUGOSLAV AIRSPACE. BUT THE LATEST REPORT FROM THE
U-N MISSION ACKNOWLEDGES THAT NO HELICOPTERS WERE SEEN FROM THE
GROUND.
YUGOSLAV OFFICIALS TOLD THE U-N THEY WERE AWARE OF ONLY TWO
HELICOPTER FLIGHTS DURING THE PERIOD IN QUESTION. THEY SAID BOTH
WERE MEDICAL EVACUATIONS. AND BELGRADE CATEGORICALLY DENIED ANY
INVOLVEMENT IN THE ALLEGED BORDER CROSSINGS.
U-N AND YUGOSLAV OFFICIALS HAVE AGREED TO CALL IN EXPERTS TO
REVIEW TAPES OF THE RADAR CONTACTS IN AN ATTEMPT TO RESOLVE THE
CONTROVERSY.
IN THE MEANTIME, THE U-N MONITORS HAVE AGAIN CERTIFIED THAT
BELGRADE IS HONORING ITS COMMITMENT TO SEAL OFF ITS LAND BORDER
WITH TERRITORY CONTROLLED BY BOSNIAN SERB FORCES.
BELGRADE ANNOUNCED THE BLOCKADE LAST AUGUST AFTER THE BOSNIAN
SERB LEADERSHIP REJECTED A PEACE PLAN PUT FORWARD BY THE FIVE
POWER CONTACT GROUP ON BOSNIA.
BELGRADE SAID IT WAS BREAKING OFF ALL POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC
RELATIONS WITH THE SELF STYLED SERB REPUBLIC OF BOSNIA, AND
BANNING ITS LEADERS FROM TRAVELING TO YUGOSLAVIA. BELGRADE ALSO
ANNOUNCED THAT ONLY HUMANITARIAN AID WOULD BE ALLOWED TO ENTER
BOSNIA FROM YUGOSLAV TERRITORY.
BELGRADE LATER ALLOWED THE U-N TO MONITOR THE BLOCKADE, A MOVE
THAT CLEARED THE WAY FOR A PARTIAL EASING OF THE SANCTIONS
IMPOSED ON YUGOSLAVIA SOON AFTER THE OUTSET OF THE BOSNIAN WAR.
ONE HUNDRED FIFTY TWO MONITORS FROM 18 NATIONS ARE NOW PATROLLING
THE YUGOSLAV-BOSNIAN BORDER. THEY INSPECT AND SEAL ALL TRUCKS
TRAVELLING FROM YUGOSLAV TO BOSNIAN TERRITORY TO ENSURE THAT ONLY
AUTHORIZED SUPPLIES ARE GETTING THROUGH. THEY ALSO MONITOR
BORDER CROSSING POINTS ALONG THE DRINA RIVER.
THE MONITORS ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THE BLOCKADE IS NOT FOOLPROOF.
SMUGGLING IS AN ANCIENT TRADITION IN THE BALKANS, AND THERE IS
VIRTUALLY NO WAY TO MONITOR THE ENTIRE FRONTIER, PARTICULARLY
IN THE ISOLATED MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE
BORDER REGION.
BUT THE U-N REPORT SAYS THE VIOLATIONS ARE IN MOST CASES ISOLATED
INCIDENTS. AND OVERALL, THE U-N SAYS IT IS SATISFIED THAT
BELGRADE IS HONORING ITS COMMITMENT. THE LATEST REPORT FROM THE
MONITORING MISSION SAYS COOPERATION WITH THE BELGRADE GOVERNMENT
CONTINUES TO BE GOOD. IT SAYS THE MONITORS ARE ALLOWED FULL
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT YUGOSLAVIA. AND IT NOTES THAT
BELGRADE CONTINUES TO TAKE LEGAL ACTION AGAINST THOSE WHO ATTEMPT
TO SMUGGLE GOODS ACROSS THE BORDER.
YUGOSLAV AUTHORITIES GAVE THE MONITORS A LIST OF THE GOODS THEY
SAID THEY CONFISCATED AT THE BORDER DURING THE MONTH OF MARCH.
IT INCLUDES CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, AUTOMOBILES AND NEARLY 320
TONS OF FUEL AND MOTOR OIL.
NEWS REPORTS SAY BOSNIAN SERB FORCES ARE FACING A GROWING FUEL
SHORTAGE THAT IS HAMPERING THEIR EFFORTS TO FEND OFF GROUND
ATTACKS LAUNCHED BY BOSNIAN GOVERNMENT TROOPS DURING THE PAST FEW
WEEKS. (SIGNED)
NEB/DBR/MH/CF
19-Apr-95 10:44 AM EDT (1444 UTC)
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voa.201usisbel,
DATE=4-21-95
TYPE=SPECIAL ENGLISH FEATURE
NUMBER=7-17113
TITLE=SPECIAL ENGLISH ENVIRONMENT REPORT - EARTH DAY
BYLINE=JERI WATSON
TELEPHONE=619-2585
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=MARILYN CHRISTIANO
CONTENT=
THIS IS _____________ WITH THE SPECIAL ENGLISH ENVIRONMENT
REPORT.
PEOPLE IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN MANY OTHER COUNTRIES WILL HOLD
A HUGE CELEBRATION TOMORROW FOR PLANET EARTH. THE CELEBRATION IS
THE TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY OF EARTH DAY.
NATIONAL POLITICIANS, ACTORS AND MUSICIANS WILL APPEAR AT SOME OF
THE BIG CITY CELEBRATIONS. OTHER COMMUNITY CELEBRATIONS WILL
INCLUDE FESTIVALS, PROJECTS TO CLEAN THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT AND
SPECIAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS.
REPRESENTATIVES FROM MANY NATIONS WILL ATTEND A CONFERENCE IN NEW
YORK CITY ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMICS. PEOPLE WHO LIVE
IN THE CITY WILL MARCH TO CENTRAL PARK. THEN THEY WILL EAT IN
THE OPEN AIR AND LISTEN TO SPEECHES AND MUSIC.
IN CALIFORNIA, THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE WILL TAKE PART IN A CAMPAIGN
TO CLEAN THE CITY OF LOS ANGELES. THEY WILL REMOVE WASTE
MATERIAL FROM PUBLIC PLACES. THEY ALSO WILL PLANT TREES AND
FLOWERS. AND THEY WILL GATHER USED MATERIALS LIKE PAPER AND
PLASTIC FOR TREATMENT SO THEY CAN BE RE-USED.
IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA, CITIZENS IN SAN FRANCISCO WILL CELEBRATE
THE CREATION OF A NATIONAL PARK INSIDE THEIR CITY. THE PARK ONCE
WAS A MILITARY BASE. NOW IT IS A PLACE FOR PEOPLE TO RIDE
BICYCLES, RUN OR WATCH BIRDS.
THE FIRST EARTH DAY WAS HELD IN THE SPRING OF NINETEEN-SEVENTY.
IT BEGAN BECAUSE SCIENTISTS HAD BEGUN TO WARN THAT OUR PLANET WAS
IN TROUBLE. THE LAND AND WATERS WERE DIRTY. SOME KINDS OF
PLANTS AND ANIMALS WERE IN DANGER OF DISAPPEARING.
ONE OF THE PEOPLE CONCERNED ABOUT THE FUTURE OF THE EARTH WAS
UNITED STATES SENATOR GAYLORD NELSON. HE WAS KNOWN FOR HIS
INTEREST IN CLEAN WATER.
HE DID NOT THINK THAT ENOUGH AMERICANS WERE INTERESTED IN THE
CONDITION OF THE PLANET. BUT WHEN HE ANNOUNCED THAT HE WOULD
LEAD A DEMONSTRATION TO IMPROVE THE ENVIRONMENT, HE RECEIVED
THOUSANDS OF CALLS OF SUPPORT.
AFTER THE FIRST EARTH DAY, THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS APPROVED
SEVERAL LAWS TO CLEAN THE AIR AND THE WATER. CONGRESS ALSO
APPROVED MEASURES TO PROTECT ANIMALS THAT WERE THREATENED. AND
IT APPROVED MORE CONTROLS ON POISONOUS SUBSTANCES.
MORE PEOPLE HAVE JOINED IN EARTH DAY CELEBRATIONS EACH YEAR.
COUNTRIES TAKING PART IN CELEBRATIONS THIS YEAR INCLUDE
BANGLADESH, CANADA, CHINA, CROATIA, FRANCE, JAPAN, RUSSIA, AND
THE AFRICAN NATION, SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE.
THIS SPECIAL ENGLISH ENVIRONMENT REPORT WAS WRITTEN BY JERI
WATSON. THIS IS _________________.
20-Apr-95 2:48 PM EDT (1848 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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voa.202usisbel,
DATE=4/20/95
TYPE=CORRESPONDENT REPORT
NUMBER=2-177289
TITLE=U-N / BOSNIA (S)
BYLINE=DOUGLAS ROBERTS
DATELINE=GENEVA
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: U-N ENVOY YASUSHI AKASHI FLEW TO SARAJEVO THURSDAY IN A
BID TO PERSUADE BOSNIA'S WARRING FACTIONS TO EXTEND THE COUNTRY'S
INCREASINGLY PRECARIOUS CEASEFIRE. V-O-A'S DOUGLAS ROBERTS,
MONITORING DEVELOPMENTS FROM OUR GENEVA BUREAU, REPORTS PROSPECTS
FOR THE SUCCESS OF THIS LATEST U-N INITIATIVE LOOK DIM AT BEST.
TEXT: THE NEW YEAR'S TRUCE IS DUE TO EXPIRE IN TEN DAYS. AND
BOSNIA'S MUSLIM-DOMINATED GOVERNMENT HAS STATED REPEATEDLY THAT
IT WILL NOT AGREE TO AN EXTENSION UNLESS THERE IS SUBSTANTIAL
PROGRESS TOWARD AN OVERALL PEACE SETTLEMENT.
BOSNIAN LEADERS CONTEND THAT THE TRUCE MERELY CEMENTS SERB
TERRITORIAL GAINS. THEY ALSO POINT OUT THE SERB LEADERSHIP HAS
REPEATEDLY REJECTED A PEACE PLAN PUT FORWARD BY THE FIVE POWER
CONTACT GROUP ON BOSNIA THAT WOULD REQUIRE SERBS TO GIVE UP SOME
OF THE TERRITORY THEY HAVE SEIZED DURING THE THREE YEARS OF
WARFARE.
THE TRUCE HAS FRAYED BADLY DURING THE PAST FEW WEEKS. BOSNIAN
GOVERNMENT TROOPS HAVE LAUNCHED OFFENSIVES, AND GAINED SOME
GROUND, BOTH NORTH AND SOUTH OF THE CAPITAL. FIGHTING HAS
CONTINUED IN THE NORTHWEST ENCLAVE OF BIHAC. AND THERE HAS BEEN
INCREASED SNIPER FIRE AND SOME PITCHED BATTLES IN AND AROUND
SARAJEVO, ITSELF.
BUT MR. AKASHI IS NONETHELESS URGING THE WARRING SIDES TO HEED
THE LATEST APPEAL FROM THE U-N SECURITY COUNCIL FOR AN EXTENSION
OF THE TRUCE.
FRANCE HAS WARNED IT MAY PULL ITS PEACEKEEPING TROOPS OUT OF
BOSNIA IF THE CEASEFIRE IS NOT FORMALLY RENEWED. AND ANALYSTS
FEAR THAT COULD LEAD TO THE COLLAPSE OF THE ENTIRE U-N OPERATION
IN BOSNIA. (SIGNED)
NEB/DBR/SKH/JWH
20-Apr-95 9:20 AM EDT (1320 UTC)
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voa.203usisbel,
DATE=4/20/95
TYPE=BACKGROUND REPORT
NUMBER=5-20259
TITLE=INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM
BYLINE=ANDRE DE NESNERA
DATELINE=LONDON
CONTENT=
VOICED AT:
INTRO: A LEADING EUROPEAN EXPERT ON TERRORISM SAYS IT IS STILL
TOO EARLY TO TELL WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE BOMBING OF A
GOVERNMENT OFFICE BUILDING IN OKLAHOMA CITY. VOA CORRESPONDENT
ANDRE DE NESNERA SPOKE WITH BRUCE HOFFMAN, DIRECTOR OF THE
CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF TERRORISM AT SAINT ANDREW'S UNIVERSITY IN
GLASGOW, ABOUT WEDNESDAY'S DEVASTATING ATTACK.
TEXT: PROFESSOR HOFFMAN SAYS THE OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING AS WELL
AS THE CHEMICAL GAS ATTACK IN TOKYO LAST MONTH ARE VIVID
REMINDERS OF HOW EASY IT IS TO CARRY OUT A TERRORIST ATTACK. HE
SAYS ALL YOU NEED IS A RUDIMENTARY KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMISTRY AND
BASIC ELECTRONICS -- AND YOU CAN BUILD A BOMB.
// HOFFMAN ACT //
ALL THE MATERIALS THAT YOU NEED TO MAKE UP THE KIND OF
WEAPONS ARE READILY AVAILABLE, COMMERCIALLY OBTAINABLE
AND LEGAL TO POSSESS. THERE IS ONLY ONE COUNTRY IN THE
WORLD THAT OUTLAWS THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS NEEDED TO
FABRICATE SARIN -- AND THAT IS AUSTRALIA. AND THE BOMB
YESTERDAY IN OKLAHOMA CITY IS BELIEVED TO BE PRIMARILY
CONSTRUCTED OF AMMONIUM NITRATE, WHICH IS LAWN
FERTILIZER.
// END ACT //
PROFESSOR HOFFMAN SAYS THERE IS NOT ENOUGH INFORMATION YET TO
DETERMINE WHO WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR WEDNESDAY'S DEVASTATING BLAST
THAT PARTLY DEMOLISHED THE OFFICE BUILDING IN OKLAHOMA CITY. BUT
HE SAYS THERE CERTAINLY MAY BE A MIDDLE EASTERN CONNECTION.
// 2ND HOFFMAN ACT //
I THINK, CERTAINLY, GIVEN PAST MODUS OPERANDI, THE FACT
THAT SIMILAR TYPES OF BOMBS HAVE BEEN USED, FOR
INSTANCE, BY ISLAMIC EXTREMISTS IN BUENOS AIRES TO
TARGET THE ISRAELI EMBASSY AND THE JEWISH COMMUNITY
CENTER JUST LAST JULY. SIMILARITIES WITH THE WORLD
TRADE CENTER BOMB, THE FACT THAT 13 ISLAMIC MILITANTS
ARE CURRENTLY ON TRIAL IN NEW YORK RIGHT NOW, INCLUDING
THE SPIRITUAL LEADER OF THE GROUP JAMAL AT ISLAMIYA --
THE ISLAMIC ORGANIZATION -- AN AGED BLIND CLERIC SHEIKH
RAHMAN. THE FACT THAT THE ALLEGED MASTERMIND BEHIND THE
WORLD TRADE CENTER BOMBING, RAMSAY AHMED YUSSEF, WAS
RECENTLY EXTRADITED TO THE UNITED STATES FROM PAKISTAN
STRONGLY SUGGEST SOME MIDDLE EASTERN ELEMENT.
// END ACT //
HOWEVER, PROFESSOR HOFFMAN DOES NOT DISCOUNT THE POSSIBILITY
THAT THE ATTACK WAS CARRIED OUT EITHER BY A RELIGIOUS SECT OR BY
A LONE FANATIC.
// 3RD HOFFMAN ACT //
FOUR YEARS AGO, FOR EXAMPLE, ONE SUCH PERSON WHO NURSED
A FAIRLY SERIOUS GRUDGE AGAINST THE INTERNAL REVENUE
SERVICE PACKED A TRUCK SIMILARLY FILLED WITH
EXPLOSIVES, PARKED IT OUTSIDE THE I-R-S OFFICE IN WEST
LOS ANGELES AND MIRACULOUSLY THE TRUCK WAS DISCOVERED
BEFORE IT COULD EXPLODE. BUT IT WOULD HAVE DECIMATED A
CITY BLOCK. SO, YOU CAN SEE -- FROM PROFESSIONAL
TERRORISTS, AMATEUR TERRORISTS, RELIGIOUS CULTS, LONE
INDIVIDUALS -- IT COULD BE REALLY ANYONE.
// END ACT //
PROFESSOR HOFFMAN SAYS WHOEVER WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OKLAHOMA
CITY BOMBING, THE INDIVIDUAL -- OR GROUP -- WANTED TO STRESS THEY
CAN STRIKE ANYWHERE IN THE UNITED STATES. THE TERRORISM EXPERT
SAYS DEMOCRACIES MUST GIVE THEIR LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES THE
NECESSARY TOOLS TO FIGHT TERRORISM WHILE AT THE SAME TIME
MAINTAIN CIVIL LIBERTIES SO ESSENTIAL TO THOSE SOCIETIES.
(SIGNED)
NEB/ADEN/SKH/CF
20-Apr-95 9:47 AM EDT (1347 UTC)
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voa.204usisbel,
DATE=4/19/95
TYPE=COMPUTER SERIES 95-366
NUMBER=3-21631
TITLE=M-I-T'S MEDIA LAB
BYLINE=DAN NOBLE
TELEPHONE=619-1014
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=KLEINFELDT
CONTENT=
(INSERTS AVAILABLE FROM AUDIO SERVICES)
INTRO: ONE OF THE PIONEERING CENTERS FOR COMPUTER RESEARCH IN
THE UNITED STATES IS THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY'S MEDIA LABORATORY. THE LAB, SUPPORTED BY
FEDERAL CONTRACTS, AS WELL AS BY MORE THAN
75-CORPORATIONS, FOCUSES ON STUDYING AND EXPERIMENTING
WITH FUTURE FORMS OF HUMAN COMMUNICATIONS -- EVERYTHING
FROM ENTERTAINMENT TO EDUCATION. DAN NOBLE HAS DETAILS:
TEXT: GUESS WHAT? IN ABOUT TEN YEARS AMERICANS CAN EXPECT TO
HAVE THEIR MORNING NEWSPAPER DELIVERED NOT TO THEIR
FRONT DOOR, BUT TO THEIR HOME COMPUTER. AND, THE PAPER
WILL BE PERSONALIZED: CONTAINING ONLY THE STORIES THAT
INTEREST YOU. THIS IS ONE OF THE DEVELOPMENTS PREDICTED
BY NICHOLAS NEGROPONTE (PRON.: - NEGRO-PON-TEH), THE
MEDIA LAB'S FOUNDING DIRECTOR. HE BRINGS WITH HIM A
UNIQUE BACKGROUND:
TAPE: CUT ONE -- NICHOLAS NEGROPONTE (PHONE QUALITY) (0:02)
"I WAS ACTUALLY TRAINED AS AN ARCHITECT..."
TEXT: ...THAT WAS IN 1965. A FEW YEARS LATER, PROFESSOR
NEGROPONTE BECAME INTERESTED IN THE GROWING FIELD OF
COMPUTER AID DESIGN...
TAPE: CUT TWO -- NICHOLAS NEGROPONTE (0:10)
"ONE THING LED TO THE NEXT AND THE GENERAL COMPUTER
AIDED DESIGN TURNED INTO A GENERAL INTEREST IN HOW
PEOPLE INTERACTED WITH COMPUTERS."
TEXT: AND FROM THAT INTEREST CAME THE M-I-T MEDIA LAB.
NICHOLAS NEGROPONTE REMEMBERS EXACTLY HOW THE IDEA GREW
INTO A REALITY:
TAPE: CUT THREE -- NICHOLAS NEGROPONTE (1:02)
"MEDIA LAB STARTED AS AN IDEA IN 1978, AUGUST TO BE
PRECISE, AS A COUNTER CULTURE TO COMPUTER SCIENCE
BECAUSE COMPUTER SCIENCE, AT THE TIME, WAS VERY FOCUSED
ON OPERATING SYSTEMS, AND NETWORKS, AND COMPILERS. LET
ME JUST CALL IT THE PLUMBING OF THE COMPUTER. WE FELT
THAT THERE WERE TWO AREAS MISSING. THE FIRST WAS THE
HUMAN - COMPUTER INTERFACE [OPT] THAT PEOPLE WEREN'T
ADDRESSING: THE SENSORY RICHNESS, THE DISPLAY, THE
SOUND, SPEECH RECOGNITION AND PRODUCTION. [END OPT] AND,
SECONDLY, WE FELT THAT THE CONTENT, BE IT MOVIES, BE IT
MUSIC, BE IT AUDIO, OR TEXT, WAS NOT PART OF THE
BITSTREAMS IN THOSE DAYS AND THAT THE MERGER OF THOSE
THINGS WHEN BITS BECAME BITS AND EVERYTHING BECAME
DIGITAL WOULD BE WHAT WE CALL MULTIMEDIA."
TEXT: ALONG THE WAY THE WHOLE CONCEPT OF WHO WOULD USE A
COMPUTER BEGAN TO CHANGE. PROFESSOR NEGROPONTE SAYS
THAT, ORIGINALLY, THE HIGH-TECH DEVICES WERE NOT
INTENDED FOR HOME USERS:
TAPE: CUT FOUR -- NICHOLAS NEGROPONTE (1:01)
"THEY ARE NOT MADE FOR THE MAN IN THE STREET. YOU HAVE
TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE PHENOMENON THAT IS UPON US,
NAMELY ANYWHERE FROM 50 TO 80% OF ALL PERSONAL COMPUTERS
NOW GO INTO THE HOME. THAT IS A NUMBER THAT IS
DEBATABLE AND COMPLEX TO MEASURE BUT THIS IS NOT WHAT
MANUFACTURERS HAD THOUGHT. IT WAS EASIER FOR THEM TO BE
SELLING THEIR EQUIPMENT INTO COMPANIES WHERE THE
EMPLOYEES WERE MORE OR LESS TOLD TO US THEM. THE
PURPOSE OF THE COMPANY, MORE OR LESS, COULD NOT BE
ACHIEVED WITHOUT USING THEM. SO, YOU WOULD HAVE A
SITUATION WHERE, LO AND BEHOLD, COMPUTERS WERE USED IN
SPITE OF THEIR BEING DIFFICULT. IN FACT, PEOPLE TOOK
COURSES AND FELT LIKE: WHY NOT? LET'S LEARN ABOUT THIS.
NOW, WHEN YOU BRING IT TO THE HOME, YOUR HOME, SOMEONE
ELSE'S HOME, MY HOME, WE USE IT BECAUSE WE WANT TO.
IT'S FUN. IT'S AMUSING. BECAUSE IT INTERESTS US."
TEXT: AND IN TURN, THE MANUFACTURERS -- THANKS TO THE WORK
DONE AT FACILITIES LIKE THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY MEDIA LAB -- ARE NOW MAKING COMPUTERS EASIER
TO USE. COMPUTERS, SAYS NICHOLAS NEGROPONTE, WILL SOON
EVEN BE ABLE TO ANTICIPATE OUR NEEDS:
TAPE: CUT FIVE -- NICHOLAS NEGROPONTE (0:40)
"THAT IS AN IDEA WHICH HAS EMERGED OVER THE PAST EIGHT
YEARS THAT PEOPLE THOUGHT WAS COMPLETELY CRAZY BUT NOW
THINK IS ABSOLUTELY LOGICAL. THAT IS THE IDEA OF USING
COMPUTER PROGRAMS THAT WOULD WORK ON YOUR BEHALF,
BECAUSE THEY KNOW YOU, THEY KNOW YOUR TASTES, THEY KNOW
THE SORTS OF THINGS YOU ARE LOOKING FOR, AND THESE
COMPUTER PROGRAMS LITERALLY LIVE OUT ON THIS COMPUTER
NETWORK. YOU CAN THINK OF IT AS A GIANT GOLDFISH TANK.
YOUR OWN FISH ARE OUT THERE SWIMMING, LOOKING FOR STUFF.
THEY COME BACK AND REPORT WHAT THEY FOUND. THAT IS A
SIMPLE CONCEPT AND SOMETHING THAT WILL, IN FACT, EMERGE
IN THE NEXT FEW YEARS."
TEXT: THAT'S ACCORDING TO NICHOLAS NEGROPONTE, FOUNDING
DIRECTOR OF M-I-T'S MEDIA LAB, DEDICATED TO THE STUDY
OF HOW COMPUTERS ARE USED IN OUR LIVES. IN FACT,
PROFESSOR NEGROPONTE SAYS "COMPUTING IS NOT ABOUT
COMPUTERS ANY MORE. IT IS ABOUT LIVING."
20-Apr-95 7:43 AM EDT (1143 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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DATE=4-21-95
TYPE=SPECIAL ENGLISH FEATURE
NUMBER=7-17115
TITLE=SPECIAL ENGLISH AMERICAN MOSAIC #505-MICROSOFT/BILL
GATES
BYLINE=PAUL THOMPSON
TELEPHONE=619-2585
DATELINE=WASHINGTON
EDITOR=MARILYN CHRISTIANO
CONTENT=
HOST:
OUR QUESTION THIS WEEK COMES FROM QINLIANG REN IN TURKU, FINLAND.
SHE ASKS ABOUT AMERICAN BUSINESSMAN BILL GATES AND HIS COMPANY,
THE MICROSOFT CORPORATION.
IN THE PAST FEW YEARS, HUNDREDS OF MAGAZINE AND NEWSPAPER STORIES
HAVE BEEN WRITTEN ABOUT BILL GATES AND HIS COMPANY. THE REASON?
THE MICROSOFT COMPANY IS EXTREMELY SUCCESSFUL. IT HAS MADE BILL
GATES ONE OF THE RICHEST MEN IN THE WORLD.
WILLIAM GATES THE THIRD WAS BORN IN NINETEEN-FIFTY-FIVE IN THE
WESTERN CITY OF SEATTLE, WASHINGTON. HE BECAME INTERESTED IN
COMPUTERS WHEN HE WAS THIRTEEN YEARS OLD..
WHEN MOST YOUNG BOYS HIS AGE WERE PLAYING BASEBALL OR FOOTBALL,
YOUNG BILL GATES WAS LEARNING TO WRITE COMPUTER PROGRAMS. THESE
PROGRAMS TELL COMPUTERS HOW TO PERFORM USEFUL TASKS.
BILL GATES ATTENDED HARVARD UNIVERSITY AFTER HIGH SCHOOL. AT
HARVARD, HE BEGAN DEVELOPING THE COMPUTER LANGUAGE CALLED BASIC.
HE BEGAN TO THINK THAT THE COMPUTER WOULD SOMEDAY BECOME A
VALUABLE TOOL THAT COULD BE USED IN EVERY OFFICE AND HOME.
BILL GATES RETURNED TO SEATTLE WHERE HE ESTABLISHED THE MICROSOFT
COMPANY IN NINETEEN-SEVENTY-FIVE. IT EMPLOYED ONLY THREE
WORKERS. MISCROSOFT DEVELOPED COMPUTER SOFTWARE FOR ESTABLISHED
AMERICAN COMPANIES, LIKE GENERAL ELECTRIC AND CITIBANK. SOON,
MICROSOFT WAS WORKING WITH THE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES
COMPANY, KNOWN AS I-B-M.
IN NINETEEN-EIGHTY-ONE, I-B-M BEGAN SELLING A PERSONAL COMPUTER
THAT USED MICROSOFT PRODUCTS AS PART OF ITS OPERATING SYSTEM. BY
THEN, MICROSOFT HAD ONE-HUNDRED-TWENTY-NINE WORKERS.
TODAY, I-B-M STILL USES MICROSOFT'S COMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEM.
SO DO MANY OTHER COMPUTER COMPANIES. ONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS
MICROSOFT PRODUCTS IS A PROGRAM CALLED "WINDOWS". "WINDOWS"
MAKES IT MUCH EASIER TO USE A COMPUTER. COMPANY OFFICIALS SAY
MICROSOFT HAS SOLD ABOUT FORTY-MILLION COPIES OF THE "WINDOWS"
PROGRAM AROUND THE WORLD.
MICROSOFT DOES THOUSANDS OF MILLIONS OF DOLLARS IN BUSINESS EACH
YEAR. IT NOW HAS MORE THAN SIXTEEN-THOUSAND WORKERS IN MORE THAN
FORTY-EIGHT COUNTRIES. MICROSOFT TODAY PRODUCES COMPUTER
PROGRAMS IN THIRTY LANGUAGES AND SELLS THEM IN MORE THAN
ONE-HUNDRED COUNTRIES.
20-Apr-95 2:49 PM EDT (1849 UTC)
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Source: Voice of America
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